During the early twentieth century architecture took a new turn into the more modern way, with clean lines and a new influence of nature, which resulted in a new era of design as a whole. With this new way of thinking came a line of architects that would take architecture into a revolution, such as William Le Baron Jenney, Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright. Their ideas would change the way of architecture and would have a lasting impression on architecture in the future along with how it was taught.

The Industrial Revolution had so changed technology and design that old concepts no longer seemed right. Starting in 1840, leading artists, designers, and critics tried to develop new approaches to architecture. Modern architecture has its roots in a number of different origins. One of the persistent ideas in 20th-century architecture, however, is the belief of many, engineers as well as architects, that "beauty could be seen in the clear expression of the structural properties of the new materials" (Curtis 25).

As iron, glass, and steel became available, building construction was no longer limited to stone and wood. One structure built for the Paris World's Fair of 1889 showed this exactly. The Eiffel Tower, by Gustave Alexandre

Eiffel, which was seven-thousand tons of steel, was erected to soar nine-hundred eighty-four feet into the sky, as part of the centennial celebration of the French

Revolution. Like this steel skeleton many other buildings would soon use the same type of way to build. High-rise buildings were made possible by the building of a steel cage, on which to hang the floors and walls. The basic skyscraper office building took form in Chicago by the 1890s and spread rapidly elsewhere. Involved were some exceptionally able architects, including members of the Chicago School.

The Chicago School, an American architectural movement based in late 19th-century Chicago, was the first manifestation of modern architecture. The architect-engineer William Le Baron Jenney built the ten-story Home Insurance Building in Chicago, using for the first time an all-metal skeleton of cast-iron columns and steel beams to support the masonry shell of floors and walls, creating the prototype for all skyscraper design.

William Le Baron Jenney, an American architect and engineer, used new construction methods that would earn him the title "Father of the Skyscraper". After completing

his architectural and engineering education in Paris, he came back to the U.S. and served as an engineer in the Union army during the American Civil War. After the war Jenney settled in Chicago, where he opened his own architectural office, where many members of the Chicago School served their architectural apprenticeships on his staff, including Louis Sullivan. Jenney's greatest contribution to architecture was his pioneering use of metal frame construction for large buildings, first used in his Home Insurance Company Building. Jenny's revolutionary method of building, termed curtain wall construction, remains the basic design for tall buildings, now known as skyscrapers.

There were many other different architects that were part of the Chicago School, which fought against the normal, more conventional, ways of architecture. Some of these were men like Daniel Burnham, William Holabird, and Louis Sullivan.

Daniel Burnham, architect and urban planner, was born in Henderson, New York. At the age of 26 he formed a partnership with the architect John W. Root in Chicago. Burnham was administrator and Root was the designer.

Together they were "among those who lead the Chicago School" (Curtis 63), and built some of the first steel-

frame structures, such as the Montauk Block, that were the beginnings of the modern skyscrapers. Their many projects in Chicago included the Masonic Temple, which was at the time, the tallest building in the world. They also helped to plan the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago.

Root died before the project was completed, but Burnham continued as chief of construction. The Exposition featured lavish pavilions, designed by the leading architects of that time. "Burnham's plans, with its monumental buildings and strongly axial layout, exerted a great influence on town planning in the early 20th century" (www.ci.chi.il.us). In Burnham's later buildings, such as the towering Flatiron Building in New York City, the steel frame was hidden by traditional beaux-arts facing. He was also a member of the commission to enhance Washington D.C. Burnham's most famous project was his Plan of Chicago. "This comprehensive design was intended to forestall the chaos of random urban growth" (www.public.iastate.edu). It included plans for a civic center with radiating boulevards, a system of city parks,

and preservation of the Lake Michigan lakefront. Burnham also designed plans for the cities of Baltimore, Maryland; Buffalo, New York; Cleveland, Ohio and San Fr

The Modern Architecture And Engineering. (1969, December 31). In DirectEssays.com. Retrieved 18:09, May 23, 2013, from http://www.directessays.com/viewpaper/100365.html

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