The lack of adequate education, training and experience in the past, to some extent, explained the difficulties women experienced in obtaining management jobs. Today, a large and increasing proportion of women in many countries are as well qualified as any man. This has resulted in a better gender distribution of jobs, but occupational segregation remains a major problem. More women now hold management jobs, but they tend to be clustered at lower levels and in less vital areas. In all cases, however, their access to top managerial jobs remains severely restricted. At the same time, educational systems, the mass media and recruitment and promotion procedures have often institutionalised certain gender biases and unwittingly continue to perpetuate discriminatory practices with regard to women.

Governments, enterprises and organizations have, over the years, explored ways of eradicating discrimination and ensuring gender equality. They have

The only way to ensure that gender equality is dealt with efficiently and effectively is to utilize every available opportunity to request the co-operation of private companies, labour unions, management organisations, educational/research institutes, parent-teacher associations, political parties, co-operatives and other organisations concerning the appointment of women and build support within society. Without such a watershed change from within, women will, in the years to come, continue to experience "glass ceilings" and "glass walls" as invisible barriers to positions of management.

Increasing the role of women leaders and strengthening women leadership would reflect women's voices in operation of co-operatives, since women and men have different views and ideas and it is difficult for one gender to represent the opposite gender's ideas. Mrs Thatcher, for example, had a vast impact on women, who believed that a female Prime Minister was a step towards an equal society, whereby men and women could share an equal footing.

I believe that there are many methods that could ensure gender equality. In order to create a gender-equal society, it is necessary that the national machinery for the advancement of women play a leadership role in close cooperation with other concerned administrative bodies in effectively promoting a broad range of measures, based on trends in the international community and changes in the economy and society. In addition, it is important that gender equality be reflected in all policy areas in the future.

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Approximate Word count = 1499
Approximate Pages = 6 (250 words per page double spaced)