A number of branches of dentistry have been established. They include general dentistry, orthodontics, oral surgery, periodontics, prosthodontics, oral pathology, pediatric dentistry, and endodontics.

Modern dentistry began during the mid-1800's with the introduction of general anesthetics to relieve discomfort during dental procedures. Nitrous oxide was first used as a general anesthetic in 1844. Two years later, another American dentist, gave the first formal demonstration of the use of ether as an anesthetic. Then in 1884, the American physician William Halsted used cocaine to block pain sensations in the lower jaw. Cocaine was the first local anesthetic.

In 1728, Pierre Fauchard, a French dental scientist, published "The Surgeon Dentist." This book detailed complex dental devices, instruments, and methods and is considered a landmark in the history of dentistry. Dentistry emerged as a profession in the mid 1800's. In 1840, the world's first dental school, the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, was founded in Baltimore by the American dentists Horace Hayden and Chapin Harris.

Early dentistry. Human beings have always experienced de

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