In the 1870s Alexander Graham Bell invented the first primitive telephone using an electric circuit and patented it in 1876. In 1895 Gugliemo Marconi made the first radio wave sending and receiving devices from the basis of research done by J. C. Maxwell and H. Herz. It proved especially useful in naval communication.

Because industry developed greatly in the 1800s, it needed new power sources. In 1970s electricity was developed. Michael Faraday first in 1831 discovered the scientific key to electricity, which others then used to develop the dynamo. Electrical lighting was the next advance. Very primitive bulbs were first developed in 1845, but in 1879 Thomas Edison made the first decent bulb that lasted for 2 days. Soon electric lighting replaced gas lighting. In 1882 a central powerhouse and transmission system developed by Edison began working in NYC, London and Milan. As the electrical industry grew rapidly, great waterpower stations were built in rivers and waterfalls. In the late 1800s steam engines were replaced by electric motors in factories. If waterpower was not available, steam engine generated electricity in powerhouses.

The third great development was the internal

Another important development in medicine was the development of surgery. In the 1840s chloroform and ether were discovered to cause unconsciousness and eliminate pain. This helped a lot in performing operations, but it did not solve the problem of many dying after the operations for infections. From the basis of Pasteur's work Joseph Lister created antiseptics, saving the lives of many people. Later many improved vaccines and medicines were developed, probably the most important being aspirin in 1890s, insulin in 1920s and penicillin in 1928.

In 1858 Rudolf Virchow expanded the former simple cell theory by showing that the destruction of change of cells causes disease and that only living matter can produce living matter, therefore every cell must come from an older cell. He also proved the cell to be the basic unit of living matter.

The scientific developments in the 1800s

combustion engine that revolutionized transport. In 1893 Charles and Frank Duryea built the first successful gasoline-driven automobile after a lot of research by G. Daimler, K. Benz and L. Renault. Three years late Henry Ford, who was later to become an important pioneer in car mass production, built his first car. In 1903 Wilbur and Orville Wright built the first airplane using the internal combustion engine. Even though it flew only 37 meters, it was an important start for the development of airplanes.

Many of the scientific and medical developments of the 1800s also have had profound effects on modern society. The new knowledge about the atoms allowed for a new approach for further research and a basis for all modern chemical knowledge. The theories of Planck and Einstein had great effects on the understanding of our surroundings. Especially Einstein's theory of relativity has been utilized in many scientific discoveries and theories. One example of it is the fusion power plant, which could in the future solve all the energy problems on earth. Another example is the bi

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