Brazil
In "Liberalism", Emilia Viotti da Costa paints a picture of the political, social, and economic atmosphere in Brazil during the 1800's. One topic of her discussion was the many regional rebellions in the country between 1822 and 1845. Another topic discussed was Brazilian politics and how it may have contributed to the instability of the nation. A third topic of interest included the factors that allowed Pedro II to rule largely until 1889 without disruption. These are the three main topics of interest discussed in Emilia Viotti da Costa's chapter "Liberalism". There were many reasons for the multiple regional rebellions that took place in Brazil from 1822 until 1845. The first of these reasons was the forming of the National Convention, which was composed of many groups of social elites ranging from priests to plantation owners. These social elites had completely separate motivations and initiatives, which were mostly personal and wealth driven, than those of the lower class. The Constitutional Charter, passed in 1824, was a second reason for rebellion in the country. This "Constitution" was created by the Brazilian elite and supported their self-intere
Brazilian politics also helped to cause the instability of the nation. Two conflicting parties dominated the political scene at the time. One group was the Liberals and the other was the Conservatives. Each group spoke different languages, and battled for different causes. There were also opposing views on slavery, religion, and the power within the nation, economic intervention, and freedom of expression. There were also conflicts between the elites and the emperor. At one point in time, the emperor even sent troops to break up the National Convention and commanded the arrest of many representatives, while sending some into exile. Most of the time, politics were more a matter of family arrangements and rivalries than ideology. Local bosses could also control elections through a system of clientele and patronage, which they used to give votes to their favorite candidates. All of these factors contributed to the instability of the nation as a whole. The last topic to be discussed in "Liberalism" is the many factors that allowed Pedro II to rule without disruption until 1889. During Pedro II's time as ruler, Liberal and Conservative differences were no
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Approximate Word count = 789
Approximate Pages = 3 (250 words per page double spaced)
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