You can end a conflict through violence or war and by destroying your opponent. You can also end a conflict by surrender and capitulation. Or, you can temporarily de-intensify a conflict by deceiving your opponent. Yet, we do not regard such options as conflict resolution. And they do not resolve a conflict, anyway. The conflict remains; it just loses its intensity. It is easy to resolve or help resolve a conflict stemming from a clash of interests. It is more difficult to deal with a conflict that emanates f

According to this version of the theory, ego, while becoming separate from id, acquires certain functions that have to do with the external world, i.e. relations of one's self with objects (persons and things). One of those functions is constructing images and representations: Self images as well as images of other persons and objects (Neisser, U. 1967).

Members of an ethnic group have their own individual identity. Every individual who belongs to an ethnic group also has a group identity. Group identity is like a "large tent" that protects the individuals "like a mother." As long as the tent remains strong and stable, the members of the group will go about their daily lives without paying much attention to it, i.e. without feeling the need to constantly prove or express their ethnic identity. If the tent is shaken or disturbed, however, those who are under it will become collectively preoccupied with trying "to shore it up" again. At such instances the group identity supersedes individual identities.

(A) 'Realistic' Group Conflict Theory

(C) Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories

Psychoanalytical, or Psychodynamic theories that attempt to explain inter-group conflicts by applying theories of personality development to group dynamics, and by assuming that groups need enemy-groups which serve as targets to project their negative images, and as reservoirs of their negative feelings.

The theory suggests that hostility between two groups results from real or perceived conflicting goals, which generate inter-group competition. When groups are engaged in reciprocally competitive and frustrating activities of a zero-sum nature, each group will develop negative stereotypes about, and enmity toward, the other group (the out-group) Sherif, Muzafer 1966). When people were split into two groups engaging in competitive activities with conflicting goals, that is, goals that can be achieved only at the expense of the other group (for instance, the two groups had to compete with each other in a tournament of games like football, tug-of-war, etc.) inter-group hostility emerged very quickly and almost automatically (Sherif, Muzafer 1966). On the other hand, in some cases, certain individuals' desire to become members of the dominant group is met with resistance. Both situations lead to majority- minority conflict. Also there seem to be Frequent incongruences between one's 'reference group' and 'membership group:' A reference group is a group to which the individual relates him/herself as a member. A membership group is a group of which the individual is (in actuality) willingly or unwillingly a member. Some people's reference group happens to be different from their membership group. In that case, they are considered troublemakers by the latter, for they behave according to the norms of the former. The loyalty of such individuals lies with their reference group, and th

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