Shopkeeper's Millennium
The Second Great Awakening profoundly altered the American society. In his book, A Shopkeeper's Millennium, Paul Johnson, traces the social origins of revival religion by researching Rochester, New York, illustrates the development of classes as the society moves toward industrialization, and analyzes the role of religion in this transformation. The author compares and contrasts the middle class and working class cultures of the city through the analysis of economic, social, political, and religious changes. The streets of Rochester were filled with merchants, farmers, and urban workingmen. It was a mill town and its main product was wheat, which was sent on to New York City. The people were suspicious of outsiders and tried to share the enterprise either with relatives or good friends whom they could trust. The country trade brought great profits and reinforced the family loyalties. "It was a federation of wealthy families and their friends." (p. 27) Elite families maintained control over Rochester economy. People were moving not only from place to place, but also between social worlds, as it was possible even for the poorest men to gain fortune and to be accepted into the elite social world. When the Awakening start
Now the workers lived outside the families, churches, and social networks that proprietors controlled, and were considered troublemakers. Since the elections were voice-vote, and the participation was limited to the more stable population, rich men continued to win the elections. Village government tried to regulate the people, but it only led to the increasingly offensive behavior and public disorder - society was coming apart. Rochester urgently needed a new government. Soon, the Antimasonic hysteria divided and destroyed the office holding elite, and drove them out of politics. Party politicians took their places. Voters made it clear that they did not want to be reformed by force. As a result, candidates stayed away from the questions of temperance and social disorder. The factions were formed, and they split the elite along religious and cultural lines. Then the parties formed: Antimasonic and Democratic. Due to the secret ballot elections, voting was transformed from a public to a private and individual act. Politicians tried not to mention the questions of Sabbatarianism and temperance. "The sober and moral" part of the population no longer determined what happened in Rochester. For the masters, temperance propaganda meant social peace, a disciplined and obedient labor force, and an opportunity to claim moral authority over their workers. Until th
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Approximate Word count = 926
Approximate Pages = 4 (250 words per page double spaced)
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