By the14th of November, economic sanctions against Iran included: cutting off exports of military spare parts and imports of Iranian oil, and freezing over 12 billion dollars of Iranian assets. Baldwin begins his analysis by stating US primary objectives with regard to economic statecraft. The first was to demonstrate US resolve to resist blackmail, while the second aimed for a quick and safe return home for the hostages. Although policy makers disagreed on the order of precedence, most authors assume the later to have more importance. Baldwin also highlights the intended effects because he feels these have relevance in understanding the goal of the sender

He believes a decline in Iranian production and oil exports were consequences of the revolution with Iran and not of economic sanctions. The arms embargo, Renwick states, was successful in exerting pressure, but it was not instrumental in returning the hostages because the embargo remained after the hostages were returned. Renwick makes a contradictory statement next by saying Iranian authoratives did hope, however, that resolving the hostage crisis would reduce arms restrictions. If a target country gives into an influence with the hopes of obtaining an intended effect, wouldn't that sanction have been successful? The US hostages were returned because Iran had hoped, "a solution to hostage crisis, would in due course render it easier to obtain arms supplies," (Renwick, 69).

Overall, I feel Baldwin's argument clearly lays out and supports the idea that economic sanctions against Iran achieved their primary goals by implementing secondary goals. In addition, Renwick fails to recognize any of the difficult circumstances the US faced due to chaos within Iran. Renwick's arguments are contradictory. Although he claims economic tactics were ineffective, he eventually supports Baldwin's arguments.

Renwick's analysis of the Iranian conflict is very contradictory. In assessing the case, he assigns economic sanctions employed with "little effectiveness", yet throughout his argument he continues to make references which support many of Baldwin's points.

Given such tough circumstances, where the economic sanctions employed effective? Baldwin believes they were. The US used Iranian frozen assets as a bargaining chip that could be exchanged for hostages with out selling American national honor. By imposing economic costs, the US deprived Iran of critical supplies, ie. spare parts, and made Iran have expensive deals with unreliable middle men; thus, achieving their secondary long term goals. Economic sanctions also helped in achieving international pressure on Iran. UN members who were not in favor of military pressure, responded to US use of economic sanctions, contributing to the 12 billion in foreign assets, due to international banking connections. If military action was used as an alternative, this valuable bargaining chip would not have possible. In addition, US bargaini

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Approximate Word count = 1556
Approximate Pages = 6 (250 words per page double spaced)