The 1882, Congress enacted the Chinese Exclusion Act, which outlawed Chinese immigration. It also explicitly denied naturalization rights to Chinese, meaning they were not allowed to become citizens, as they were not free whites. Prior to the Chinese Exclusion Act, some 300,000 laborers arrived in California, and the act was intended to primarily prevent the entry of more

The only Chinese that legally entered the United States during the six decades the Exclusion Act was in place were those in "exempted classes" such as merchants, students, diplomats, and travelers (Chan). An unknown number illegally entered through the Canadian and Mexican borders and many others entered as "paper sons." The act did not prevent Chinese immigration per se; it simply prevented most legal immigration.

laborers. The passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act was the first attempt by congress to ban a group of immigrants based on race or color.

The Gentleman's Agreement was less restrictive than the Chinese Exclusion Act, as it allowed Japanese women to enter the United States. From the beginning of the Japanese immigration there was an under

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