Communism began in the early 19th century in response to the problematic beginnings of modern capitalism. At that time communism was the basis for many utopian settlements, most, however, eventually failed. These small-scale experiments into communism were done with voluntary cooperation, with everyone participating in the governing process.
Later Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels greatly helped spur renewed interest in a communistic society with their book Communist Manifesto. In their writing Marx and Engels tried to analyze modern society at that time which they described as capitalistic. They showed disagreement between ideals and reality in modern society. Marx argued that every social system in the past has been a device by which the rich and powerful few could live by the toll and misery of the powerless many. They believed that the capitalist sys
tem, too, was flawed and therefore bound to destroy itself like many of the communistic experiments had done years before. It was thought that with the collapse of the capitalism, society would conclude in a political revolution in which the huge number of poor would rebel against their oppressors. The revolution would do away with private ownership of the means of production. Society would be run by and for the people.
From the beginning the Communist rule in the Soviet Union had many problems. Early on the governments very existence was challenged repeatedly by its enemies in the country. After the Communist Party emerged victorious it rebuilt the nation's economy and trained the Russian people for industrialized life. Later the efforts moved to transforming the backward country into a leading industrial nation and a first rate military power. This
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