INCA EMPIRE
We know from history many various civilizations. Civilizations like Sumerian (4000 BC), Egyptian (3000 BC), Minoan (2000 BC), and Babylonian (1700 BC). Later, the Greek civilization, throughout the Macedonian empire, ranged as far east as northern India and as far south and west as Egypt. Then Romans were the rulers of the whole area from Constantinopole, to Palestine and North Africa to Britain. After centuries, the Vikings, people from what is now Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, established colonies in northern France, Sicily, England, and Ireland. During the 13th century AD, Mongols created a vast empire in Central Asia and the Mongol Empire controlled the expanse of territory from the Ural mountains in Russia to the Pacific Ocean. The same period of time another great civilization, called Ottoman Turks, was taking over most of North Africa, the Middle East, and the Balkan Peninsula. In America, Incas were the rulers of the largest native empire. Near the end of the 14th century the Inca empire began to expand from its initial base in the Cuzco region of the southern Andes, mountains of South America. Incas' expansion ended with the Spanish invasion led by Francisco Pizarro in 1532.
In order Incas to cross the many steep ravines found in the Andes, they built impressive suspension bridges of rope. Some of these rope bridges were nearly 100 m. in length. One of the Incas' greatest engineering feats was a bridge that crossed a dangerously sleep gorge along the Apurimac. This helpful bridge, constructed in 1350, survived for more than 500 years, until it was abandoned in 1890 (Inca Empire 4). The Incas had no formal writing system, they had no wheeled vehicles, and transported all goods manually or with the use of llamas. They lacked the iron, the ruler, and the square. Despite this fact, they could achieve great things in architecture, irritation, masonry, and medicine. Because the Incas lacked writing, we don't know exactly the number of the Inca emperors. Much of what is known has come from stories passed from one generation to another by the people. According to Antonio Montesino, Inca emperors were eleven, according to Garcilaso de la Vega they were thirteen, and conde de Olivares supported that they were twelve (Rosso 121). The suddenly death of the 11th ruler of Inca Empire, Huyana Capac in 1525 (or 1527) by a disease, left Incas without a leader and plunged the Inca state into a civil war (Inca 376). The two sons of the last Inca emperor, Huascar and Atahualpa started a war without mercy in order one of them to become the king. During this period of time the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizzaro arrived. Pizarro had with him some 160 soldiers, 67 of them were horsemen, armed with an assortment of unknown to the Incas, heavy weapons, including muskets, crossbows, pikes, lances, and artillery, supplied by the king of Spain, Charles V (Lost 16). It is very difficult for someone to believe that these 160 Spaniards killed about 6,000 Inca warriors in two hours, and they achieved to conquer the Inca Empire. When Pizarro (picture) gave the signal for attack, two cannons fired the massed Indians, and that was all. Then, the Spanish horsemen charged out of the buildings in their armor, cutting a swath through the ranks of unarmed men. Another interesting infor-mation is that not a single Spaniard was killed. Among the few to be wounded was Pizarro, slightly injured accidentally by one of his own men (Lost 26)!!! igenous civilization of the Americas. Within 100 years they had build a powerful empire, stretching the entire length of the Andeas, at a distance of more than 5,500 km. It was probably the greatest empire of its time life anywhere in the world, if we imagine that they had built a road system that extended some 30,000 to 40,000 km, unrivaled until the invention of the automobile, they possessed great skills in medicine, and they had a fully controlled social, political, and economical organization, although they lacked basic concepts such as the written language, the wheel, the steel, and the horse. Within the Inca Empire, the political system and organization were so highly organized, many wonder today how it could have been possible. Inca society was strictly organized, from the emperor and royal family down to the peasants (Inca Empire 2). The basis of Inca society was the "ayllu", which was a clan of families living together in a restricted area, including leaders, priests, wizards, and the rest of the people (Rosso 122). Everyone belonged to an "ayllu". An individual was born in an "ayllu" and died within it. Even the choice of a male could be determined by the "ayllu". If an Inca man did not marry by the age of 20, the "head" of the "ayllu" selected a wife for him (Inca Empire 5). For administrative purposes the empire was divided into four regions, known as the "four suyus", with Cusco as their center. The Incas called their empire "Tahuantinsuyu", a Quechuan word meaning "Land of the Four Quarters". They further divided each quarter into progressively smaller units, something like provinces (Inca Empire 3). The political situation of Inca Empire was total dictatorship by on
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Approximate Word count = 3295
Approximate Pages = 13 (250 words per page double spaced)
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