Switzerland was the center of Protestant Reformation. A Swissman Ulrich Zwingli, a priest and admirer of Erasmus was centered in the city of Zurich during the same years that Luther started with his movement. He was opposed to the elaborate and expensive rituals that the Catholic church seemed to be used too, he abolished Mass, confessions and indulgences and allowed marriage in the priesthood. He felt that strong discipline and straight-outta-da-bible was
Calvin had the same dislike for the Catholic church as Zwingli and Luther. His movement was one of the best organized around during that time. Calvin's ideas centered around the ideas that everyone was predetermined to end up in Heaven of Hell, though he believed in living by a strict morale code. He used the Old testament. His movement was popular in commercial centers as well as with the middle class.
A major problem with all of these religious groups is that they didn't like eachother very much, each thinking that they were acting under god's will
and all others acting under that of Satan. There was lots of violence and whatnot between them for many years to c
Soon other European countries wanted in on the north America action. An English sailor, John Cabot(he was really Italian) sailed several voyages to North America mostly in the Northern Coast bits. France sent their own guy, Giovanni de Verrazano he also explored the coast. None of them found their way to India(their goal) but they all were pretty jazzed with North America.
The Mongols conquered an empire from China to Eastern Europe Kiev was captured and destroyed by them, the people were killed or enslaved. The Mongols allowed the Russians to keep their culture and daily life mostly the same as long as they paid high taxes. The Mongolian rule cut Russia off from its former contacts and they had little knowledge of the rest of Europe.
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