science and technology in the 19th century
Along with the evolution of Science in the fifteenth Century appeared a desire to gather the founders of the intriguing experiments and windfalls. Such gatherings assured the sharing of scientific information as well as its understanding and critics. The Royal Society was founded in 1660 by a number of scholars, including Christopher Wren, Robert Boyle and Robert Moray. King Charles II granted the Society its first Charter on 15 July 1662. The "Intelligencia" ,or people who studied science and created knowledge were the key members of the Royal Society of London. Meetings to discuss the then new experiments, had been held since 1645 in London and Oxford. There, members discussed experiments based on the principle 'Nullius in verba', taken from Horace, the determination of early Fellows to verify all statements by an appeal to facts. Up to 1847 Fellowship was open to all those interested in the `new philosophy', but from 1848 elections have been limited in number and to those distinguished for original scientific work. Not only was the Royal Society a way to gather British scientists, but most importantly, it was the first gateway to attract the public's interest and involvement in Science.
The "emancipation of science" period was also characterized by a violent demographic increase in Great Britain during the mid-eighteenth century. With the industrial revolution and the migration of factory workers to the cities, appeared some concerns. Public health becomes a problem, when a study was done in the statistic section of the British Association for the advancement of Science. The study showed that people were more healthy in the country side, and unhealthy in the city, however, in the city, rich people were healthier than poor people, whereas legitimate children were more healthy than illegitimate children. In fact, it was discovered that factories employment in the city, brought a huge mass of poor, unhealthy people, who were living in highly concentrated little housing. Those living conditions were very unsanitary, containing no sewage system. Edwin Chadwick (1800-1890) argued that it was disease that caused poverty. He believed that the solution remained in cleanliness and that if the living conditions were enhanced, we could make living healthier, then more people would work and develop industrial habits, therefore a more powerful economy. For him, the key to healthy citizen was to get clean water and install good sanitation, even though these alternatives were more of a social solution rather medical solution. John Simon (1816-1904) who replaced Chadwick passed the "Public Health Act" in 1875 which regulated housing, sewage, and water, as well as promoting health advising literature. This Public Health Act was very successful and inspired other countries and their scientists such as the French scientist Claude Bernard (1813-1878) who was unhappy with the French hospital system. He gave a new vision of medicine by denouncing the lack of attention brought to research that would determine the causes of diseases. He rejected the statistical system, since it didn't help cure people, for him, every individual was different and should be treated individually. Claude Bernard was the most famous physiologist thanks to his new vision. .Among his fellow scientists were important figures such as chemist Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) trained at the Ecole Normale and devoted his research to micro-biology. He developed the Germ theory of disease. With his unique chemical way of seeking for medical cures for diseases, Pasteur discovered cures such as the rabies vaccine. Also in Germany, the Professor of anatomy and physiology Johannes Muller (1800-1858) all vital phenomena could be explained by applying the laws of physics and chemistry. He experimented on animals to see how diseases progressed and tried to determine how bodies worked
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Approximate Word count = 1795
Approximate Pages = 7 (250 words per page double spaced)
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