The emancipation of slaves indeed did required revolutionary explosion. As with the other great emancipation movements of the century, including those of class and religion, the institution of slavery changed only when the structure of political, military, or economic power changed. Even though religious ideological factors often inspired abolition, the decisive elements proved to be domestic and international power transformed almost always by means of either revolution or war. Slavery in Spanish America ended only with the massive empire itself felt to what historian and diplomat Salvador de Madriga called "the eagle of power." El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica abolished slavery in 1824 only after Spain had suffer armed invasion from the French army on land, Humiliation from the British navy at sea, uprisings from revolutionaries at home, an military defeats during wars from independence in Central America. Britain emancipated slave in its colonies in 1833 only after a dramatic shift in domestic power frequently described as nothing short of a "Revolution". France ended slavery in its colonial possessions only after bloody chaos of the Revolution of 1848. Civil and foreign wars surrounded the abolition of slavery in Colombia, Argentina, Venezuela, and Peru during the 1850s. The United States freed its slaves by the thirteenth Amendment of 1865 only after the Civil War had inflicted what remains to this day the most devastating conflict in the nation's history. Only Cuba and Brazil retained slavery in the Western world longer than the United States; they did not free their slaves until additional wars on struggles forced them to do so in the late 1880s.

y. The origins of the Hindu caste system similarly indicate that the broad categories of division are based upon symbolic varna, or color. In descending order these include white (Brahmans), red (Kshatriyas), yellow (Vaishyas), and finally black (Shudras) with grate preference given to light over dark. Blackness, in fact, began to assume a particular aesthetic and moral meaning. In an age that believed so strongly in symbolism, no other color except white conveyed so much emotional impact: Black came to represent evil, depravity, filth, ugliness, baseness, wickedness, danger, death, and sin. Europeans sometimes referred to the ultimate Christian symbol of evil. The black arts, black magic, and the Black Death carried this sinister and dangerous image even further. White, in contrast, consistently denoted purity, cleanliness, beauty, virtue, virginity, beneficence, and holiness. When Europeans took such emotionally charged and intensely suggestive connotations of color, applied them to human races, and then combined them with additional preconceptions of foreign peoples, the results often proved to be catastrophic for those who were not white. This could be seen as the Europeans set out to discover and explore the wider world. Following the initial stages of exploration, Portuguese and Spanish state leader confronted a critical choice about the nature of their future relationship with these different peoples and races. Should they establish embassies, exchange accredited ambassadors, respectfully observe the sovereign rights of others, and follow the modalities of diplomatic behavior as practice by the courts of Europe? Or should these tribes considered as uncivilized, barbaric, militarily weak, non-Christian, and fit for slavery be treated very differently? The answer came quickly. Through a series of papal decrees and diplomatic negotiations resulting in the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), these two powers on the tiny Iberian Peninsula drew a line of demarcation around the globe, granting to Portugal all of Africa, India, Japan, and brazil and to Spain all the rest of the western Hemisphere. They divided the world between themselves, as they said, for "dominium", not so much for knowledge and discovery, but rather for domination and conquest.

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