In 1931, Alfonso XIII, the last monarch of spain, went into exile, he was the last of the Bourbons. A provisional republican government under President Niceto Alcala Zamora took control. A new liberal constitution, separating church and state, was adopted. This is the beginning to spain's rise from repression.
At the start of the republic nearly half the people of spain were illiterate. Poverty was everywhere, and industrial wages were low. In Madrid many workers had become socialists where as In Barcelona many had turned to political anarchism, a system that aims at putting workers' organizations in control of all industries. In 1936 many leftist parties formed a Popular Front, overwhelmed the conservatives and moderate liberals in a national election. Civil war soon followed. The rebels, who referred to themselves Nationalists, were led by General Franco and had the support of the conservatives as well as that of the nazi G
Racked by attempted coups and severe economic problems, a fragile fledgling democracy began to take form under the king's watchful care. Except for the Communists and the ultraconservative supporters of Franco--the two political extremes--there was a general determination to make democracy work. A democratically minded cabinet was appointed in 1976 by Premier Adolfo Suarez Gonzalez. The Political Reform Law was passed on Nov. 18, 1976, and universal suffrage became law in March 1977. The Communist party was legalized even as Franco's Falange, or National Movement, was disbanded. A new Cortes was elected in 1977, and a new constitution was approved in late 1978. Spain's progress under this enlightened and resolute monarchy was nothing short of a modern political and economic miracle. An attempted military coup by members of Franco's Civil Guard in 1981 failed when Juan Carlos intervened to end the revolt.
The war ended on March 28, 1939, with the surrender of Madrid
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