Philosophers sometimes convey incredibly complex ideas in cryptic forms, and Friedrich Nietzsche was no exception. His aphorisms, by their very definition, condense a powerful message into a terse, perhaps oversimplified phrase. His parables, on the other hand, veil his thoughts in narratives and force the studious reader to dig for deeper meaning. In Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Nietzsche "made his first attempt to put down his philosophy - not merely sundry observations - in one major work" that most critics consider his magnum opus. Nietzsche wrote most of Zarathustra in the form of a third-person parabolic narrative that follows a hermit named Zarathustra on a symbolic descent from the mountains into populated areas. As he encounters others on his journey, he imparts his wisdom to them through rhetorical questions and a form of Socratic oration.
In one speech, entitled "On the Way of the Creator," Nietzsche's Zarathustra describes the phases of t
he journey for self-knowledge. Occasionally Zarathustra punctuates a phase with a structurally simple yet seemingly contradictory argument; for example, his admonition to the "lonely one" to "beware the good and the just ... [who] like to crucify those who invent their own virtue for themselves." One would expect that a good person would remain so regardless of external circumstances, but Zarathustra's warning indicates otherwise. Why would such a person, who society normally considers an upstanding citizen, suddenly become so violent? The lonely man, as he begins to form his own definition of what is "good," becomes a threat to those who the masses consider "good." In the introduction to his book Leviathan, seventeenth-century English philosopher Thomas Hobbes describes a state of nature in which man's every action serves himself alone, and relates this theory to everyday life. For example, Hobbes would say that the "good" give to charity not because the
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