Psychology and Physiological Aspects of Substance Abuse
West (1997) stated that clinicians, researchers, policy makers and others who work in the area of addiction, with addicts or who have to deal with the consequences of addiction, cannot easily ignore the strong ethical dimension to the problem. Ethics is concerned with determining the nature of normative theories and applying these sets of principles to practical moral problems. It is concerned with how we should live, as individuals and societies, what is right and wrong, what is good and bad and what is just and unjust. The bases on which such judgments can be made have been subject to systematic inquiry since before the time of Plato. Utilitarianism is perhaps the strongest thread running through the analysis of ethical and policy decisions in the field of addiction. (Weissman, 1997) reported the following findings regarding tobacco companies and their advertising, He reported that the tobacco companies are expected to meet their payment obligations by passing through the costs and raising the price of cigarettes from 60 to 70 cents per pack. Although it means the payments will come significantly from consumer price increases rather than diminished company profits, this price increase may be the single most salutary resul
Pollack, Lantz, & Frohna (2000), completed a study that assessed the effects of maternal smoking on birth outcomes among singletons and twins. An algorithm was developed to link twins with their siblings. A random-effects logistic regression model was then used to estimate the association between maternal smoking and several adverse outcomes for a random sample of singletons and for all twins with available maternal smoking information. Results indicated that maternal smoking was associated with a significantly increased risk of low birth weight, very low birth weight, and gestation of less than 33 weeks for both singletons and twins and with an increased risk of gestation of less than 38 weeks, infant mortality, and placental abruption for singletons. Among smokers, negative impacts on the risk of low birth weight, very low birth weight, and extreme premature delivery were significantly higher for women carrying twins. Conclusions, Some of the negative effects of smoking on low birth weight and pre-term delivery are greater for twins than for singletons. Women carrying twins should be warned that smoking increases their already high risk of serious infant health problems. In total, the advertising and marketing restrictions go far beyond what U.S. tobacco control advocates envisioned as achievable just a year or two ago. Now that the tobacco control terrain has shifted, many public health critics of the agreement say the industry will easily be able to circumvent the restrictions. "The advertising requirements in the proposed settlement, as written, will not appreciably inhibit the tobacco industry's ability to influence the 12-to-17-year-old segment of our population," says John Garrison, managing director of the American Lung Association. "In fact, the settlement's ban on the use of human images and cartoon characters in tob
Some common words found in the essay are:
Marlboro Country, Lantz Frohna, Plum Nau, Illustrated Additionally, Wall Street, Plato Utilitarianism, , Cancer Society, Lung Association, United Kingdom, birth weight, low birth weight, low birth, tobacco control, maternal smoking, public health, tobacco companies, smoking mothers, control advocates, human images, singletons twins, tobacco control advocates, deal industry agrees, women carrying twins, weight low birth,
Approximate Word count = 1249
Approximate Pages = 5 (250 words per page double spaced)
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