War Commerce, Gender and the Creation of
Demand for Prostitution in the Philippines
Cynthia Enloe stated that "without the ideas of masculinity and femininity - and the enforcement of both - in the societies of departure and societies of destination it would be impossible to sustain the tourist industry" as related to prostitution. The statement of Cynthia Enloe is based on astute observation and is one that is based on truth. In the work entitled "It Takes More Than Two: The Prostitute, the Soldier, the State and the Entrepreneur" the author Cynthia Enloe tells of how women are treated in the rendition of how a war museum could be created from what had been witnessed. The following excerpt graphically relates the way of men in their treatment of women. Stated is:" In my war museum there would be a reconstruction of military brothel. It would show rooms for officers and rooms for rank and file soldiers. It would display separate doors for white soldiers and black soldiers...The women serving the soldiers might be white European, Berber, Namibian, or Puerto Rican; they might be Korean, Filipina, Japanese, Vietnamese, African-American, or Indian. Depending on the era and locale, they could be dressed in sarongs, saris, or miniskirts topped with T-shirts memorial
II. The Statistics of Prostitution Today Stated in 1997 in a UPI Report is that estimates given by historians are that there were approximately from 80,000 to 200,000 comfort women (prostitutes) during World War II "from the Korean peninsula, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Netherlands, and the Philippines."(UPI, 2 May 1997) Sadly, it is related that over half of the World War II comfort women were below the age of 20 when the Japanese Imperial Troops kidnapped them. Also the fact is stated that men from Australia and America took "temporary wives" during their stay in the Philippines, to abandon the women and any children afterwards. (CATW - Asia Pacific, Trafficking in Women and Prostitution in the Asia Pacific)" According a Reuters News Report published at the website Swissinfo online the S.E. Asia sex trafficking is not diminishing but is growing. ASEAN, the Association of South East Asian Nations is inclusive of the countries of Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. The international non-governmental organization ECPAT which works to end the exploitation of children was reported to have stated the following numbers in relation to the countries in terms of the number of child prostitutes involved in sex tourism in Asia: The women who are in the business of prostitution willingly are women who are working to feed children and care for elderly parents and yet these women, while used sexually are ostracized from society because of the way they earn their living. In the work entitled "Madonnas and Martyrs" the author gives the following account: "The construction of Filipino military masculine sexuality is bolstered by the feminine while being counterpoised against it in the oppositions of feudal - bourgeois (NPA), male-female, and hetero-homosexuality embedded in other, broader social institutions and apparatuses. Sexual power relations between men and women, military personnel and civilians, military personnel and military personnel, and foreign military personnel and civilians are transmitted through postcolonial, class and gender." ( ) The report of the report by the "Campaign Against the Return of the Military" states that the military demand for prostitution is the reason for the existence of the prostitution business in the Philippines and relates children learned from a young age of the superiority of Americans and of feeling privileged to be employed by the Americans. Those that did not receive education leaving Olongapo, or the poor and unemployed wound up employed in the commercial sex industry. Stated in one report is: "The Olongapo Administration, when faced with a base closure and an end to the sex industry, conducted massive rallies in the Senate to lobby for the retention of the US Naval Base saying that an economic dislocation would cripple the City. For them, economic development was not through dignified work with fair wages and benefits." (Campaign against the Return of the Military, 2005) Stated as well in relation to the initiative of Richard Gordon seeking return of the U.S. Navy is that if the Navy were to return that it would indeed be "...a return to the past, where the abuse of women and children was rampant and the colonial mind set was sown in the Filipino psyche" (Campaign against the Return of the Military, 20
Some common words found in the essay are:
Cynthia Enloe, Return Military, Indian Depending, Summary Conclusion, Star Press, Madonnas Martyrs, Vietnam Rose, Daily Inquirer, Industry Legislation, Tourism Administrative, women children, cynthia enloe, military personnel, campaign return, campaign return military, return military, military 2005 stated, sex industry, child abuse, military 2005, press report, 2005 stated, return military 2005, star press report, report 2 july,
Approximate Word count = 2274
Approximate Pages = 9 (250 words per page double spaced)
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