Napoleon Bonaparte's military career was launched by the events of the French Revolution. Called upon by various revolutionary governments to perform, Bonaparte was able to advance his career with each successive coup. When he became a successful commander in the French war against the counter-revolutionary armies in Italy, he put himself into a position to take over the French government. He was invited to join a coup to overthrow the Directory in 1798 and became emperor six years later.
In domestic affairs, Napoleon acted like an enlightened despot. He brought order to France following a decade of internal struggle, he maintained the ban on feudal privilege, confiscated church property, opened opportunities for the middle class, and regularized taxes. Resistance to authority was swiftly and brutally suppressed. Policies implemented affected most social and political institutions and fell under the rubric of Code Napoleon. These codes were later exported to the places he conquered in battle. Napoleon's domestic affairs are reflected in his statements below:
"...Of all political questions this is perhaps the most important. There will be no stability in the state until there is a body of teachers with fixe
"...A man is only a man. His power is nothing if circumstances are not favourable. Opinion is all-important."
The Napoleonic War was costly in lives, finances, and property damage. In the Russian campaign alone, the Grand Army of Napoleon that started out with 600,000 men, limped back across the Russian frontier with only 25,000 survivors. Did Napoleon liberate France and much of Europe from the grip of the old regimes, or did he merely spread death and destruction in despotic fashion? Here is what a few of his contemporaries had to say:
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