Why no women
I started this report on Mary Whiton Calkins. I was fascinated by the strides that she made in the fields of psychology, and how at every corner she was shot down because she was a woman. I went first to the library at PCC only to discover that I could find no reference to her work. So I backed up a step to William James whom Calkins was a student of. I found literally dozens of books on the man and his work, and countless references to his work. Out of the 26 books written about William James, I found only a two-paragraph reference to Mary Calkins. So then I proceeded to look up Josiah Royce whom Mary Calkins also studied under at Harvard, again I found plenty of books about the man and his work and not one single reference to Mary Calkins. This disturbed me. After searching 100 ways to Sunday on the library reference computer, I turned up nothing. I realized then that this report was about to take a very different turn. I decided then to get out the textbook and look up every woman who was referenced in the book as contributing to the founding of psychology. I found reference to 11 different men and only reference to two women, Mary Whiton Calkins and Margaret Floy Washburn. Again, I went to the compute
In the early days of Psychology, women of determination were encouraged to work with social welfare or teach at Women's colleges. In positions such as these, women were denied recognition and publication. Although extremely gifted and active in research, many of these women and their accomplishments went unrecognized. In psychology's history, women in general were not valued, especially by certain Universities. Women gained entrance into Universities as "special" or "informal" students. For example, being classified as special or informal students, they were denied access to labs during regular hours. This narrowed women psychologist's chances of contributing to experimental psychology. Special and informal students also could not obtain entrance to PhD programs. Mary Whiton Calkins completed all the requirements for a PhD in psychology but was never awarded the degree she earned because she was a woman. Many books downplay women's contributions by only referring to them as someone's student rather than their work in psychology. There is even evidence that some history books attribute women's ideas to men. Mary Calkins work in "paired associates learning" is credited to Adolph J
Some common words found in the essay are:
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Approximate Word count = 805
Approximate Pages = 3 (250 words per page double spaced)
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