actions are symbolic, for "there are no accidents", were also major themes of the psychoanalytic approach. Successful therapy was a long-term and costly process, which most people during that time, with the exception of the wealthy, could not afford.

Sigmund Freud's main contribution to this new field of studying personality was in the area of the understanding the unconscious, an aspect of the mind to which, he claimed, we did not have ready access to, but was the source of our actions and behavior. Freud believed the human mind was divided into three parts: the id, ego, and super-ego. The id is man's (generic meaning, referring to both sexes) instinctual, primitive, and hedonistic urges fo

Freud's "Lecture III" provides, what I believe to be another important theory in understanding personality from this perspective, stemming from his notion of parapraxes, or unintentional acts that are actually unconsciously intentional. Such is the case with the familiar "Freudian slip", where something is said which is actually a distortion or paradox of what is actually meant. This goes along with what are called symbolic acts, which are

Snyder's theory of high and low self-monitors, as discussed in a previous paper, seem reminiscent of Jung's definitions of introverts and extroverts, while extroversion is one of the Big Five personality traits put forth by Costa and McCrae. Here, too, we see key ideas that have continued to exist and subtly influence the more modern personality psychologists, the

actions we take that, although we insist they have no meaning, or were accidental in nature, are actually intentional. For example, the act of forgetting is, according to Freud, a kind of intentional defense mechanism, that we unconsciously use to repress memories, or put things out of our minds.

Extroverts, according to Jung, behave in a manner which they feel would produce approval from the social crowd, and are more likely to experience positive emotion that introverts. Unlike extroverts, whose actions are highly motivated by external factors, introverts tend to act on their own beliefs and internal motives. Both introversion and extroversion are extremes on a scale, according to Jung, where "normal" people would fall in the middle, being equally influenced by both internal and external motives.

Adler's theories, which, while probably more inciting to popular audiences, as their relevance and applicability are quite clear, seem only to focus on a minor part of the collective personality, as termed by Jung, and stem from the all-encompassing pieces of one's personality as described by Freud. So, while Adler's theories are of some importance to the study of personality, I find the latter two psychologists points to be effective.

Alfred Adler, another ex-follower of Freud, developed theories about inferiority, stemming from feelings of powerlessness which occur during childhood. This Freudian-esque "inferiori

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