In a rainbow, the longest wavelength is the red portion and the shortest wavelength is the violet portion. If a body is emitting light and it is approaching someone, we would say the radiation is blue shifted. A red shift, on the other hand, ocurs when the emitting object is receding, or when a spectrum is shifted to longer wavelengths. Hubble measured that the farther the distance of a galaxy is

In 1905, Einstein suggested that atoms might be proven to exist if we observed dust particles moving in a random manner in liquid. if dust particles are uniform the atoms would not have existed. In 1911, Ernest Rutherford showed that atoms do exist. An atom is a positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons that orbit around the nucleus. He analyzed how material reacted with electro magnetic fields to prove it. James Chadwick discovered the neutron, which is a neutrally charged particle. They do not react to the electro magnetic field and they are the building blocks of matter. During the late 1940's many new particles were discovered because technology had improved. We saw more trails occur when particles collided which reveals new particles. Over 300 particles have been found, many existing for only a brief period of time, such a fraction of a second. In 1063, Murray, Gill, and Mann proposed that most of the unstable particles, along with the protons and neutrons are composed of a more fundamental particle called the quark. At first they thoought there were three quarks, but found out later there were actually six. They make up most of the 300 particles that we know of with the exception of a few. The building blocks of matter are quarks and Leptons, and there are six of each. Hadrons are Baryons and Mesons, and they are composed of quarks. A baryon is matter composed of three quarks, and an example of this would be a proton and a neutron. Mesons are formed from a quark plus antiquark. leptons are the leftovers which are electrrons, muons, tau, and three neutrinos. The electron is the most stable of the six.

90% of all matter in the universe is dark matter that we can not detect. If this theory is true, everything we know of is compressed down to a point and then expands rapidly in all directions. The Big Bang theory, which is the sudden appearance and expansion of the universe from nothingness, is a singularity that some people believe. The distance to neighboring galaxies is zero at the Big Bang. This was conceived in the mid 1930's to agree with Friedmann's models, and gained acceptance in the 1960's. The theory of Relativity fails to explain this, and all theories for that matter break down at a singularity. Whatever happened before the Big Bang have no consequence to the aftermath. Our concept of time starts from the Big Bang. The Catholic church liked this concept in that it leaves room for somethin to start it, which coincides with creation. Stephen Hawkin and Roger Penrose confirmed the Big Bang mathemathically that the begining of the universe began with singularity. physics break down with a singularity and therefore science loses its predictability.

Newton's static universe theory says that the universe is infinite. There is an infinite number of stars in infinite space that are roughly distributed equally. There is no center point because every point can be the center. Also, he said there is no cantral place for the stars to collapse. This theory is wrong. Aristotle and the Greeks thought that mankind and everything around them had and will reamain the same for all time. Then gravity was thought to be repulsive for long and short distances, but it does not effect much and it is still attractive. For this model to work there would have to be no motion in the universe. Stable equilibrium can be illustrated by a pencil on its side, and unequal by a pencil balanced on its tip which physics does allow. Any possible motion would knock the pencil down though, such as air or talking in the room. Einstein's General Theory of Relativity suggested an expanded universe. He introduced a cosomological constant to the theory to make the universe seem static, or unchanging. This theory introduced a small change; a constant term that created an anti-gravity force that existed in equations. There was no explanation for it and no known source. In other words, he pulled

Some common words found in the essay are:
Theory Relativity, Hot Bang, , Baryons Mesons, BL Lac, Jim Peebles, Local Virgo, Alan Gouth, Heat Death, Roger Penrose, black holes, inflationary model, nuclear force, bang theory, hot bang, hubble's law, hot bang model, earth's atmosphere, model universe, weak nuclear, virtual particle, building blocks matter, einstein's theory relativity, seyford type ii, bl lac objects,
Approximate Word count = 3673
Approximate Pages = 15 (250 words per page double spaced)