In a rainbow, the longest wavelength is the red portion and the shortest wavelength is the violet portion. If a body is emitting light and it is approaching someone, we would say the radiation is blue shifted. A red shift, on the other hand, ocurs when the emitting object is receding, or when a spectrum is shifted to longer wavelengths. Hubble measured that the farther the distance of a galaxy is

Visual particles take the form of waves. We can not detect them, but we can see their effects. When light acts as a wave it is virtual particle called a photon. There are four forces of nature that make virtual particles exist are gravity, electromagnetism, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear. Gravity is thge weakest of the four forces. It effects all known particles, and is always attractive, so we can see it carried by gravitons which range infinite. It is a small scale inside of a nucleus. A photon is the virtual particle for the force of electromagnetism. This is the next to the weakest force, and it interacts with everything that has a charge. It is massless, or we have not detected it yet, and because it is massless it has infinite range. Electromagnetism also allows particles to be bonded. When two electrons pass close to each other, they give off light. The strong nuclear force is the strongest of the forces. This binds quarks together and holds protons and neutrons together withinthe nucleus. It is really strong within the nucleus, but very weak outside. It is virtual particle is a gluon. The weak nuclear force is the next to the strongest. Its particle is called massive vector bosons, and they are W+, W-, and Zo. This is responsible for radioactivity decay range at 10 to the negative 15 meters.

Newton's static universe theory says that the universe is infinite. There is an infinite number of stars in infinite space that are roughly distributed equally. There is no center point because every point can be the center. Also, he said there is no cantral place for the stars to collapse. This theory is wrong. Aristotle and the Greeks thought that mankind and everything around them had and will reamain the same for all time. Then gravity was thought to be repulsive for long and short distances, but it does not effect much and it is still attractive. For this model to work there would have to be no motion in the universe. Stable equilibrium can be illustrated by a pencil on its side, and unequal by a pencil balanced on its tip which physics does allow. Any possible motion would knock the pencil down though, such as air or talking in the room. Einstein's General Theory of Relativity suggested an expanded universe. He introduced a cosomological constant to the theory to make the universe seem static, or unchanging. This theory introduced a small change; a constant term that created an anti-gravity force that existed in equations. There was no explanation for it and no known source. In other words, he pulled this term out of nowhere. Einstein later called this his greatest mistake after Hubbles discovery that proved the universe is constantly expanding. In 1922, seven years before Hubbles discovery of the red shift, a Russian mathematician, Alexander Friedmann, based the model of the universe on Einstein's General Theory of Relativity without the cosmological constant. In 1935, Friedmann's three models of the universe were introduced. The first assumption was which ever way one may look, everything at any point in the universe will appear to be identical. Hubble's law proved this seven years later. The universe is not totally uniform, but on an average is considered to be uniform. On a large scale (multiple galaxies) this theory works. Friedmann envisioned the universe to be like the surface of a balloon, and galaxies could be treated like spots on the balloon. Spots will move farther away from each other when you blow it up and it increases. No single spot is the center of expansion. The further apart the dots are, the faster they move away from each other. Friedmann's law predicted exactly what hubble's law proved. Friedmann's model of the universe is not infinite. Gravity is so stron inthis model that it pulls the universe in upon itself. The universe is finite and has no boundaries, and at some point in time it will stop expanding and become a singularity. The second model sa

Some common words found in the essay are:
Theory Relativity, Hot Bang, , Baryons Mesons, BL Lac, Jim Peebles, Local Virgo, Alan Gouth, Heat Death, Roger Penrose, black holes, inflationary model, nuclear force, bang theory, hot bang, hubble's law, hot bang model, earth's atmosphere, model universe, weak nuclear, virtual particle, building blocks matter, einstein's theory relativity, seyford type ii, bl lac objects,
Approximate Word count = 3673
Approximate Pages = 15 (250 words per page double spaced)