Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) stands for Liquid Crystal Display. Liquid crystals are transparent substances exhibiting both sold and liquid matter properties. Light passing through liquid crystal follows the alignment of the molecules that make them up. Applying electricity changes their molecular alignment thus changing the way light passes through them, and by putting these individual displays together you can create a display screen which is tremendously smaller then our CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) monitors.
There are two main principles applied in making LCD. The first principle consists of sandwiching liquid crystals between two finally grooved surfaces where the groves on one surface are perpendicular to the groves on the other. Since molecules on one surface are aligned north to south and the molecules on the other surface are aligned east to west. Then the molecules in between are forced into a twisted state of 90 degrees. Applying a voltage to the liquid crystal rearranges the molecules vertically allowing light to pass through. The second principle of the
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LCD relies on the properties of polarizing filters and light itself. Natural light waves are orientated at random angles. A polarized filter is simply a set of incredibly fine parallel lines. These lines act like a net, blocking all light waves apart from those orientated parallel to the lines. A second polarizing filter with lines arranged perpendicular (at 90 degrees) to the first would therefore totally block this already polarized light. Light would only pass through the second polarizes if its lines were exactly parallels with the first, or if the light itself had been twisted to match the second polarizes. The LCD consists of two polarizing filters with their lines arranged at 90 degrees to each other. When a voltage is applied the liquid crystals in-between twist and realign the lines vertically which then causes a block in the light. In other words if there is no voltage applied the light will be able to pass through, but if there is a voltage applied the light will be blocked. Controlling the different amounts of light
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