If you're wondering how England became what it is today this section will explain it to you. Scientists don't know when the first people arrived in England. But they do know that prehistoric people lived in caves in the region during the Stone Age, which ended about 10,000 years ago. The sea was lower at that time, and the island of Great Britain was once part of the European mainland. Scientists are not sure when England became an island or how fast civilization started but we do know that they had developed bronze tools, farm equipment and the Celtic language by 55 BC because in that year, the great Roman general Julius Caesar sailed across the English Channel from Gaul with a small force to explore England. He returned the next year with an invading army and defeated some of the Celts before returning to Rome. Shortly after that he was crowed emperor and most Romans forgot about England until In AD 43, the Roman emperor Claudius ordered Roman armies to invade Britannia, as the island was then called. The Romans easily conqu

London is a large, lively city as well as a historic one. London is the capital of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It ranks as one of the world's oldest and most historic cities. London traces its history back nearly 2,000 years. It is one of the largest cities in the world, with about 61/2 million people. London grew up around two old, historic cities--the City of London and the City of Westminster. The City of London started as a trading post of the Roman Empire about AD 43. The City of Westminster began as a residence for England's rulers about 1,000 years later. It stood about 2 miles (3 kilometers) southwest of London. A great stone wall surrounded the City of London. But as London grew, it spread far beyond its wall and took in the royal City of Westminster. Today, the area where Roman London stood is still known as the City of London. It and the City of Westminster lie at the center of modern London. Also London was nearly destroyed twice, by fire in 1666 and by German air raids during World War II (1939-1945). Although each disaster wiped out much of London, many old landmarks were rebuilt. London covers 610 square miles (1,580 square kilometers) near the southeast coast of England, one of the four political divisions that make up the United Kingdom.

Under Elizabeth, England advanced in many areas. Merchants formed a great trading company, the East India Company, in 1600. Sir Francis Drake, Sir Walter Raleigh, and other daring English adventurers explored the West Indies and the coasts of North and South America. English literature flowered during Elizabeth's reign with the works of such great writers as Francis Bacon, Ben Johnson, Christopher Marlowe, Edmund Spenser, and--above all--William Shakespeare.

Edward the Confessor died without a direct heir to the throne. The English nobles chose Harold, Earl of Wessex, as king. But a French nobleman, William, Duke of Normandy, claimed that Edward had promised him the throne. Soon after Harold became king William invaded England. His Norman knights killed Harold and defeated his forces in the historic Battle of Hastings on Oct. 14, 1066. On Christmas Day, William, who became known as William the Conqueror, was crowned king of England. William I established a strong central government in England. He formed an advisory council, the curia regis, to help him govern. William appointed Norman nobles to the council and to other high positions. He kept some of the conquered land for himself and divided most of the rest among his Norman followers. Although most Anglo-Saxons became serfs under the Normans, they kept their language and many of their customs. Through the years, the differences between the Anglo-Saxons and the Normans gradually decreased. For example, the Normans spoke French at first. But eventually, their language blended with that of the Anglo-Saxons. In time, the Normans and Anglo-Saxons became a united people. The Modern English language developed from their blended languages.

London's main shopping and entertainment districts spread out from two huge West End intersections. One intersection, Trafalgar Square, is an area of open pavement with statues and fountains. Whitehall, the Strand, and streets from the upper West End meet at the square. At the other intersection, Piccadilly Circus, six busy downtown streets come together. Many of London's finest shops are in this area, along Bond, Oxford, and Regent streets. Piccadilly Circus also forms the center of London's largest entertainment area. The area extends eastward to the Strand and northward into Soho, a district crowded with restaurants and nightclubs.

The Hundred Years' War broke out between England and France in 1337. It lasted until 1453. Edward II's son Edward III became king in 1327. His mother was the sister of three French kings. The war began in 1337, when the French king, Philip VI, declared he would take over lands held by Edward

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Approximate Word count = 14093
Approximate Pages = 56 (250 words per page double spaced)