The pre-computer age was a time in which mathematic engineers battled with the creating somewhat of a more efficient abacus. John Napier created the logarithm table to simplify calculations needed for astronomy. The Napier bones were a set of bones that when place in order could show the product of computations. After this the more popular Pascaline invented by Blaise Pascal was an automatic desk-top machine that could add and subtract. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz invented a calculating machine that could not only add and subtract, but could also divide and multiply. While these men were working on mechanical calculators other inventors discovered theories and relationships between logic and mathematics.

George Boole's invention marked a milestone in the nineteenth century. He discovered the significance of the algebraic binary zero-logic system. He simplified logic into a two-value system, binary notation, which is

In 1982 Microsoft released FORTRAN for the PC, and COBOL for MS- DOS. Peter Norton created Norton Unities, software for recovering files. WordPerfect 1.0 and Lotus 1-2-3 were introduced. Compaq produced a portable computer that was virtually a clone of the IBM PC. Epson manufactured the HX- 20 which was the first notebook size portable computer. Compaq continued to clone IBM's computers and became IBM's biggest competitor. While Compaq and IBM competed for the sales of sophisticated PC market, Commodore took control over the market by offering cheaper prices. Commodore developed the Commodore 64, with a price of two hundred dollars, it became the best selling computer of all time. Despite the sales of PCs Apple was number one with annual sales of over one billion dollars.

In 1993 there are fifty World Wide Web servers, and Bill Clinton put the white House online. Microsoft releases Windows NT 3.1, Microsoft Office 4.0 MS-DOS which includes DoubleSpace Compression utilities, Stac electronics sues Microsoft for right over DoubleSpace utilities. Intel releases the Pentium Processor, which moves at 60MHz. Gateway 2000 breaks a million computers in sales. Steven Jobs hires John Scully as president of Apple, which will hurt Apple later. Scully encourages the creation of a palmtop computer call the Newton. The environmental Protection Agency establishes Energy Star guidelines to decrease the amount of energy that computers use.

This was a time when there were many manufactures, each competing to have the fastest computer, and using everything that IBM had created. By 1979 there were over a million computers in the United States. While Motorola marketed a versatile 16-bit chip, that could work with an add-on; Intel found a cheaper way to increase performance by using a 16-bit internally and 8-bits in the data bus. Texas Instruments developed a Personal Computer that used ROM cartridges for programs and games. Epson generated better dot matrix printer, the mx-80 which became an industry standard. Hayes marketed its first modem, and set the pace and compatibility for modem development.

In 1989 there are more than one hundred million computers in the world. Tim Berners-Lee develops the language and protocol that leads to the creation of the World Wide Web. Creative Labs introduces SoundBlaster live for PCs, with digitized voice input and output. The GriD systems creates the first pen-based computer. Intel releases the 486DX Processor and Hayes introduced an improvement in ISDN technology. Poqet introduces the Poqet PC, the only MS-DOS compatible pocket size computer. Motorola markets its 68040 processor with memory management and a FPU built inside.

used today. He wrote and studied about the relationship between logic and mathematics, which later lead to the development of the electronic computer. His discoveries allowed Charles Babbage to produce machines that could perform logical operations.

Thomas Watson combined three computer companies in 1911 and these would soon be known as IBM after 1925. Watson and his developers created machines that would perform better than the Mark I. In 1947 they created the Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator this was the most powerful and versatile computer availed.

The next challenge for computer developers was the reduce the size. By the 1980's VLSI had not only diminished some of the size and price but had made computers more powerful and efficient. In 1971 Intel created the 4004, the first microprocessor. Intel's technology took the IC a step further by taking all of the programming elements and putting them into a central processing unit. This was significant because previously ICs had been designed for a specific task and Intel's 4004 could do a number of tasks. The power of the microprocessor overflowed into all areas of science and engineering. Microwaves ovens, televisions, radios and automobiles used microprocessors.

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Approximate Word count = 3925
Approximate Pages = 16 (250 words per page double spaced)