Before Plato and Aristotle, the two main philosophers that paved the way for the expansion of the western world, the general community relied on myths to share stories of various moral values. Plato introduces the concept of critical thinking. He uses the Socratic seminar to "first... understand [the] meaning," then to "see whether or not [the] claim is true" through digging into the subject and having a closer look. He ultimately transited from the telling of myths to using critical reasoning to express opini

The Christian era transited from a critical frame of mind to an existential consciousness, meaning the free being, one that's purpose is to achieve happiness. Augustine further develops this argument by stating that man is free to choose between good and evil or emptiness. This leads to "theodicy," the problem of evil, and then the love of God and the renunciation of evil. Through the love of God, one understands God through faith and reason and ultimately, achieves happiness and the good life in the City of God. He states that happiness in the City of Man is not true happiness but an illusion. The "fleshy pleasures" must be avoided to bring enlightenment and the allowance into the City of God. He further states that man is carnally sinful, as Genesis concludes, and to learn the way of God is the only way to break from that cycle. Aquinas' concept of "natural law," or man's nat

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Approximate Word count = 599
Approximate Pages = 2 (250 words per page double spaced)