China
Chou En-lai (Zhou Enlai): 1898-1975 One of the leaders of the Communist Party of China, and prime minister of the Chinese People's Republic from its inception in 1949 until his death, born in Huaian, Kiangsu Province, China. In 1927 he became a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China, and in 1932 was appointed to succeed Mao Zedong as political commissar of the Red Army, but after 1935, following Mao's elevation, he served him faithfully, becoming the Party's chief negotiator and diplomat. As minister of foreign affairs (and concurrently prime minister) he vastly increased China's international influence. Perhaps his greatest triumph of mediation was in the Cultural Revolution in China, when he worked to preserve national unity and the survival of government against the forces of anarchy. Chiang Kai-shek [chang kiy shek] (, or *Jiang Jieshi*) :1887 -- 1975 Revolutionary leader of 20th-c China, the effective head of the Nationalist Republic (1928--49), and head thereafter of the emigre Nationalist Party regime in Taiwan, born into a merchant family in Zhejiang. He interrupted his military education in Japan to return to China and join the Nationalist revolution. In 1918 he joined the sep
The turning point of the rebellion came when a new imperial army was organized by the Chinese scholar Tseng Kuo-fan. Tseng was successful in containing Hung's troops in Nanjing, and when the rebels attempted to seize Shanghai, Western volunteers organized the "Ever Victorious Army," commanded first by the American adventurer Frederick Ward and later by the British soldier Charles Gordon. This army inflicted heavy defeats on the Taiping in the Shanghai area, and in 1864 Tseng's army recaptured Nanjing. Hung had already committed suicide when the city was taken. The extended revolt, which cost the lives of approximately 20 million people, seriously weakened the Manchu dynasty and contributed to its eventual downfall in 1912. Taiping Rebellion, in Chinese history, popular uprising against the imperial government of the Manchu (Ch'ing) dynasty, occurring between 1850 and 1864. The rebellion was led by the Cantonese schoolmaster Hung Hsiu-ch'uan. After a serious illness accompanied by visions, he was inspired by Protestant missionary tracts to found a movement dedicated to religious reform and to the overthrow of the Manchus. In 1851 Hung and his followers occupied the village of Yong-an (Yung-an) in Guangxi (Kwangsi) Province, and he proclaimed himself the Heavenly King of the Taiping, or Heavenly Kingdom. In 1852, after further organization, he led his forces through Hunan and Hebei (Hopeh) provinces and along the Yangtze River to Nanjing (Nanking), which they captured in 1853. With headquarters in Nanjing, Hung's armies established strongholds to the north and south and instituted an authoritarian government with Christian and socialistic features. Largely because of administrative weaknesses and lack of military discipline, the rebels failed to consolidate their conquests and crush the tottering Manchu regime. accepted as the true leader of the nation. aratist revolutionary government of Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-sen) in Canton, where he was appointed commandant of the new Whampoa Military Academy. After Sun's death (1925), he launched an expedition against the warlords and the Beijing government, entering Beijing in 1928, but fixed the Nationalist capital at Nanjing (Nanking). During the ensuing decade the Nationalist Party steadily lost support to the Communists. When Japan launched a campaign to conquer China (1937), Nationalist resistance was weak. Defeated by the Communist forces, he was forced to retreat to Taiwan (1949), where he presided over the beginnings of Taiwan's "economic miracle". Kangxi (, also spelled K'ang-hsi, originally Xuanye): 1654 -- 1722 Fifth emperor of the Manchurian Qing dynasty, and the second to rule China. He succeeded at the age of eight, and ruled personally at 16, cultivating the image of an ideal Confucian ruler, and stressing traditional morality. He organized the compilation of a Ming history, a 50`000-character dictionary, and (1726) a 5000-volume encyclopedia. He adopted the Western calendar, and permitted an East India Company trading post (1699). A pro-Ming revolt was crushed in the SE (1673--81), and he conquered Outer Mongolia (1696), Taiwan (1683), W Mongolia, and Turkestan (from 1715), and established a Tibetan protectorate (1720). A man of wide personal interests, he published three volumes of essays.
Some common words found in the essay are:
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Approximate Word count = 2751
Approximate Pages = 11 (250 words per page double spaced)
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