In 1532 the Spanish soldier and adventurer Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire, creating a catalyst for the creation of a new colonial society. Steve Stern discusses the manner in which the indigenous peoples of Huamanga met the challenge of European conquest in his piece entitled, "Peru's Indian Peoples and the Challenge of Spanish Conquest". When the conquistadors first arrived, there appears to have been a mutual attraction and dependency between the Spaniards and indigenous peoples. Stern cites for example that the military skills of the Spaniards intrigued the native aristocracy, the kurakas, and helped local Andean society recognize their new "masters". Besides this element of respect, the local societies of Huamanga saw an alliance with the Spaniards as an efficient way to break from Inca rule and to "protect and advance their o
Native discontent with the Spaniards continued and expanded. It was expressed in a decade of growing withdrawals from alliance and cooperation (69).
As colonialism continued, epidemic disease, individual abuses, and war took its toll on society. Increasingly, indigenous peoples looked to the Spanish authority to defend their interests while at the same time, harbored negative feelings towards this seemingly negative dependency. This dominion "provoked a reassessment of native policies towards the colonials" (47). In response to the inadequate treatment of the Indians, especially those in the labor force, a Spanish imperial council created statutes called New Laws in 1542, which were designed to put a stop to cruelties inflicted on the Native Americans. However, the New Laws were never put into effect.
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