expressed as symbolism which exhibits the weakness he found in all mankind. The ease in

which one can understand his symbolism has influenced American Literature.

Hawthorne's cynical themes of human nature were represented in The Ministers Black

veil, The Birthmark, and Rappaccini's Daughter. Hawthorne's preoccupation with

scientific and Puritan religious values shows his belief in mans shortcomings through the

The solitary character, found in Hawthorne's short stories, was based on his own

life. He lived a reclusive life starting at four when his father died of yellow fever. His

mother, Elizabeth Clark Manning Hathorne, and her three children were forced to move

back to her father's house. In a house filled with thirteen others and a mother who

mourned her husband in seclusion Nathaniel found it necessary to spend as much time

alone as possible. His interest in reading began at seven when he injured his foot in a ball

game and recuperating for several years instilled in him the love of literature (Hart 320).

Being alone was a habit for him and deepened when he would spen

of sin. Georgiana's is also separated when Aylmer selects the birthmark" as the symbol of

own work as seriously as his scientific characters (Lauter 2228 - 2233). The beginning of

progress. The invisible ghosts of ancestors influenced his feelings of isolation from society

1630 ordered the whipping of a Quaker woman and 1692 John Hathorne was a judge in

could be dangerous she cries out "There is but one danger - that this horrible stigma shall

described as "the Eden of present day" where Rappaccini has placed Beatrice and

religion guilt which manifested itself in The Ministers Black Veil. The black veil

family's lake in Maine ( Rivendell's). Later while going to Bowdin college he met and

Although his first friendships would help establish his career as a writer he continued to

Some common words found in the essay are:
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Approximate Word count = 2297
Approximate Pages = 9 (250 words per page double spaced)