of wolf predation on prey populations of large ungulates. The four

proposed hypotheses examined are the predation limiting hypothesis,

the predation regulating hypothesis, the predator pit hypothesis, and

the stable limit cycle hypothesis. There is much research literature

that discusses how these hypotheses can be used to interpret various

data sets obtained from field studies. It was concluded that the

predation limiting hypothesis fit most study cases, but that more

research is necessary to account for multiple predator - multiple prey

The effects of predation can have an enormous impact on the

ecological organization and structure of communities. The processes of

predation affect virtually every species to some degree or another.

Predation can be defined as when members of one species eat (and/or

kill) those of another species. The specific type of predation between

wolves and large ungulates involves carnivores preying on herbivores.

Predation can have many possible effects on the interrelations of

and Ballard (1988) stated "A simple numbers argument regarding

primary factor that limits prey density. In this non- equilibrium

Wildlife Management. 47(4): 977-988.

Journal of Wildlife Management. 56(1): 116-127.

Van Ballenberghe, V.. 1985. Wolf predation on caribou: the Nelchina

and vulnerability. Thompson and Peterson (1988) reported that there

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Approximate Word count = 2384
Approximate Pages = 10 (250 words per page double spaced)