By establishing and discovering the causes of crime, it enables sociologists, welfare states, and governments to attempt to target these areas and therefore strive to reduce criminal activity.

In order to respond to the issue appropriately, it is necessary to critically analyse the causes of crime, both from a subjective view point (assessing the individual's pathology or deficiency in his/her ability to reason, which are caused by psychological and biological defects), as well as from an objective view point (looking at the social structure, class, gender and ethnicity) which is mainly concerned with assessing the situation from a wider prospective. However it is of primary importance to give a definition of crime in order to proceed: Paul Tappan defined a crime as:

"Crime is an intentional act or omission in the violation of criminal law...committed without defence or justification and sanctioned by the state as a felony or misdeamour".

From the biologist's perspectives, all "normal" individuals conform to social expectations, and so those who differ, must have something wrong with them. Many of the first primitive explanat

" Even if we were to regard this evidence as conclusive, however, it would not mean that unemployment per se was crimonogenic".

However, one of the many criticisms from these perspectives was establishing how genetic differences actually translate into behavioural traits. This evidence is fairly conclusive, however, it is necessary to understand that the experiment largely dealt with a very small percentage of society, and therefore it does not seem to have wider implications. Undoubtedly, it is virtually impossible to conduct such an experiment without understanding the social and physical environment. However, later evidence found that Legras manipulated the results; therefore the evidence was considered as unreliable.

Rob White and Fiona Haines, 1996, Crime and Criminology An Introduction, Oxford University Press Australia

Anthony Giddens, 2000, Sociology, Polity

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