Computers and Imperialism
The Internet has emerged as the most rapidity adopted communication medium in history. The Internet by design is de-centralized, inexpensive, uncensored, and accessible from anywhere in the globe. Bill Gates contends that the Internet is first step along the "Information Superhighway", which will ultimately create a "global village" that will allow for a more symmetrically distribution of information. The United States, which invented most of the underlying technologies for the Internet, leads the rest of the world in embracing the Internet as measuring by users, the number of English based web-sites, and Internet Service Providers (ISP), but also producing the hardware and software that drives the Internet. Unlike previous technological revolutions in which the novel idea or technology is inherently neutral, the some of the core technologies behind the Internet are culturally biased. This fact combined with the United States' commanding dominance in nearly all aspects of the Internet and the apparent lack of controllability of the content of Internet has fueled international fears of a new era of American cultural imperialism. According to Barber, this Western tidal wave of cultural biased information and products will create a
However, certain aspects of the debate such as the conglomeration of ownership, standardized production, and formatted content, do not apply in terms of new media informational flows, especially via the Internet. As Tomlinson skillfully pointed out the modern reality: media technologies and economies have become more intertwined, which have forced cultures to become more morphic. Thus, the one-way flow according to the traditional definition of cultural imperialism reverses itself into a two-way flow in which what sells abroad influences what Americans see at home (Tomlinson, 125) Tomlinson points out that language is only one component that contributes to our "imagined" culture (Tomlinson, 11) As the bandwidth of the Internet increases, the amount of informational choices increases. In countries with more conservative ethics than the West such as Singapore, the Internet is proving a technology difficult to tame. Singapore is known for its seemingly conflicting values and ethics: its full embrace of new technologies and its strong values of conservatism and familial loyalty. The influx of pornography and other illicit Western cultural imports via the Internet will have an detrimental effect on the younger generation. The Singapore Broadcasting Authority (SBA) was established to monitor and censor sites which are deemed "misleading", "undermining public confidence in the government or judicial systems", "obscene", and "promoting homosexual activity". American designed software filters out sites from the "pipeways" from Japan, Western Europe, and North America which the SBA labels "unacceptable". However, satellite, wireless technology, and direct broadcast services are sophisticated ways around the government's efforts to prevent certain Internet access. The Singapore example brings up another point about how 'open' the Internet is (Morris, http://is.gseis.ucla.edu/impact/f96/projects/smorris). Besides Usergroups, the other main way of obtaining new information on the Internet is through search engines. The seven largest search engines on the Internet are based in the U.S. and many have plans to expand to other countries. There two problem with this American dominance: American based search engines mean more traffic goes through the U.S. and all of these search Engines are privately owned. The first problem will eventually be solved as more search engines sites are moved off-shore. The second problem seems to be more persistent. Since these sites are private, they have to rely on advertising or the sale of data to support their sites. Some cultures will not react well to web sites covered with the aggressive American style of advertising. If these cultures don't want to inundated by advertising, the only other option is the sale of data (Hedley, 78-87). The first way of selling data is how many databases have become privatized which means if you want gain certain information, you will have to pay for it. Sites such as www.nothernlight.com and www.nyt.com have "special collections" which force you to pay for access to pertinent information. The second method is through the sale of cookies and other related technologies. Already there is a large debate about selling of cookies, a technology developed by two American companies, Microsoft and Sun Microsystems, to commercial companies (Swisher, C01). Cookies are packets of information both sent and received by one's computer that can include such personal information as what sites you have been to and how long were you there, your name, your address, and other personal information. Bill Gates says that this technology will allow producers to market their products in a more effective way. Barber and Tomlinson would contend that this is another example of the globalization of American capitalistic modernity (Hedley, 79). Appaduria (KIM) constructed five cultural flows that globalism creates. Enthonscapes refer the flow
Some common words found in the essay are:
Domestic ISPs, Appaduria KIM, Internet Tomlinson, Besides Usergroups, McWorld American-based, World Schiller, Europe Asian-Pacific, French Considering, Al Gore, Professor Yi-Lee, cultural imperialism, via internet, search engines, american cultural, cultural practices, web sites, american companies, american cultural imperialism, information technology, french government, american dominance, 'local' cultural practices, dominance nearly aspects, nearly aspects internet, apparent lack controllability,
Approximate Word count = 2962
Approximate Pages = 12 (250 words per page double spaced)
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