Human speech makes possible the expression and communication of thoughts, needs, and emotions through vocalization in the form of words. It is a process whose specialized adaptations differentiate it from the mere making of sounds--a capacity humans share with most animals. In addition to the capacity for laryngeal production of sound (which some animals also possess), speech requires a resonance system for modulation and amplification of that sound and an articulation process for the shaping of that sound into the communally established word-symbols of meaning that constitute the language of a given culture. (Dean Edell) The use of language is made possible by certain cerebral functions: the formation of thoughts; the comprehension, storage, and recall of words; and the selection of words to express the thoughts and the arrangements of these words in a sequence or organization that constitutes (or attempts to constitute) intelligible communication.

The speech process involves the speech centers of the brain, the respiratory center in the brain stem, the respiratory system, the chest cavity, the structures of the larynx, the pharynx, the nose and nasal cavities, and the s

Speech center trauma in the brain occurs in two categories: damage to the speech centers and related sensory aspects of speech function (sensory aphasia); and damage to the motor control functions of the speech centers (motor aphasia). (Health Central)The basic aspect of aphasia--whether due to stroke, paralysis, head injury, or disease--is the loss of the capacity for the meaning of language or its comprehensible organization into words or word sequences. In other cases the intellectual functions appear to be retained, whereas the vocalization system cannot be utilized to emit words but rather only sounds.

Language disorders may lie between the functional and The organic, depending on the diagnostic assessment of the underlying cause. For example, if schizophrenia is viewed as an organic disorder, then its bizarre language is organically related. Similarly, the disturbed speech of mental retardates may be an organic behavior if the retardation can be attributed organically, or it may be a learning disability arising from the intellectual impairment. Other functional disorders include those caused by sensory deficits in the family setting, such as the presence of deaf parents; delayed maturation of motor or brain function; emotional trauma due to parental neglect or abuse; and institutional deprivations or adverse socioeconomic factors, which result in learning disabilities related to the development of speech or such disabilities as the improper formation of word sequences.

Lisping, or immature speech, may relate to abnormality of the external speech organs, for example, in tongue-teeth relationships. stuttering, once considered a psychogenic disorder, is now thought to be caused by neurological deficiencies present at birth or caused by injury.

Genetic defects and hereditary diseases include Structural abnor

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