"The chief distinction in the intellectual powers of the two sexes is shown by man's attaining to a higher eminence, in whatever he takes up, than can woman (Darwin)."

Darwin's professional assumption of the intelligence of women greatly exemplified the defining opinion of the day when psychology was in its developmental stages. However, many women went to great lengths to disprove and banish this thought.

One such woman was Mary Whiton Calkins. Calkins is perhaps best known for becoming the first woman president of the American Psychological Association, a feat unheard of in her time. Unfortunately, the road to achieving this feat was paved with many obstacles and discriminating persons.

Mary Whiton Calkins was born on March 30, 1863. She was born in Buffalo, New York, to Wolcott Calkins, a Presbyterian minister, and was the eldest of five children. The family moved to Newton, Massachusetts, when Mary was seventeen and built a home there that she would live in until her death. Her father was fundamental to Mary's education, designing and supervising her schooling, well aware of the sparse opportunities available to women. In 1882, she was allowed to enter into Smith Co

Compulsive drives but Compulsive drives but not

Ladd-Franklin received two years of her schooling from Wesleyan Academy in Wilbraham, Massachusetts. While there, she followed the same course track as the boys who were preparing to go to Harvard and in 1865, she graduated as valedictorian of her class. Upon graduation, she entered Vassar College, against the wisdom of her family. However, she did convince her grandmother that an education was her best opportunity because of her "slim chances at marriage." She believed that women were of an overabundance in New England and her commonplace looks rendered her unlikely to marry. Her grandmother agreed.

After attending high school, she attended Grinnell College for two years. She then transferred to the University of Iowa and received her bachelor's degree in 1902. In 1904, she received her master's degree from the University of Iowa under Carl Seashore. In 1905, Kent moved to the East coast to work on her graduate work with Hugo Munsterberg at Harvard for about two years.

Bumb1: http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/marycalkins.html

When a person speaks of sex today, only one name comes to mind---

The greatest difference between Karen Horney and Sigmund Freud might be her belief that everyone is redeemable. She also stressed self-analysis, a theory that received little respect from the psychological community. In fact, she wrote one of the first "self-help" books.

She was sent to live with her grandmother, along with her two children, at the age of twelve. Her grandmother was quite wealthy and demanded that Dorthea acquire the interests of a wealthy girl. During one episode, she was punished severely for giving food and her new clothes to the beggar children who were standing at their front gate. From there, she was sent to live with a great aunt and stayed with her for nearly four years. It was with her aunt that she met her second cousin, Edward Bangs, an attorney and fourteen years her senior. He convinced her to start what he called a "little dame school." At the age of fifteen, she taught her first twenty pupils.

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