LABOR UNION
LABOR UNION, LAUNCHED IN 1866, AND THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR, WHICH REACHED ITS ZENITH IN THE MID-1880S. ON THEIR FACE, THESE REFORM MOVEMENTS MIGHT HAVE SEEMED AT ODDS WITH TRADE UNIONISM, AIMING AS THEY DID AT THE COOPERATIVE COMMONWEALTH RATHER THAN A HIGHER WAGE, APPEALING BROADLY TO ALL "PRODUCERS" RATHER THAN STRICTLY TO WAGEWORKERS, AND ESCHEWING THE TRADE UNION RELIANCE ON THE STRIKE AND BOYCOTT. BUT CONTEMPORARIES SAW NO CONTRADICTION: TRADE UNIONISM TENDED TO THE WORKERS'' IMMEDIATE NEEDS, LABOR REFORM TO THEIR HIGHER HOPES. THE TWO WERE HELD TO BE STRANDS OF A SINGLE MOVEMENT, ROOTED IN A COMMON WORKING-CLASS CONSTITUENCY AND TO SOME DEGREE SHARING A COMMON LEADERSHIP. BUT EQUALLY IMPORTANT, THEY WERE STRANDS THAT HAD TO BE KEPT OPERATIONALLY SEPARATE AND FUNCTIONALLY DISTINCT. DURING THE 1880S, THAT DIVISION FATALLY ERODED. DESPITE ITS LABOR REFORM RHETORIC, THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR ATTRACTED LARGE NUMBERS OF WORKERS HOPING TO IMPROVE THEIR IMMEDIATE CONDITIONS. AS THE KNIGHTS CARRIED ON STRIKES AND ORGANIZED ALONG INDUSTRIAL LINES, THE THREATENED NATIONAL TRADE UNIONS DEMANDED THAT THE GROUP CONFINE ITSELF TO ITS PROFESSED LABOR REFORM PURPOSES; WHEN IT REFUSED, THEY JOINED IN DECEMBER 1886 TO FORM THE AMERICAN FEDERATIO
QUESTIONED THEIR EFFICACY. IN THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY, TO AVOID OR SETTLE STRIKES, MANY UNIONS TURNED TO PRIVATE MEDIATION GROUPS OR, AFTER 1914, THE FEDERAL MEDIATION AND CONCILIATION SERVICE. NONETHELESS, AFTER A BRIEF RESPITE THE VOLUME OF STRIKES ROSE SHARPLY IN THE YEARS JUST BEFORE WORLD WAR I. NOTABLE DURING THIS PERIOD WAS THE INCREASED NUMBER OF FEMALE, UNSKILLED, AND IMMIGRANT STRIKERS, EVIDENT IN THE LAWRENCE, MASSACHUSETTS, TEXTILE STRIKE, SEVERAL EXCEPTIONALLY BLOODY TRANSIT STRIKES, AND A SERIES OF LARGE BANKING PANIC THREATENED TO SPIN OUT OF CONTROL, MORGAN TOOK COMMAND, RALLIED THE OTHER BANKERS, AND RESTORED CONFIDENCE. THIS PANIC LED TO THE CREATION OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM IN 1913, THE SAME YEAR MORGAN DIED IN ROME, ITALY. ROCKEFELLER, JOHN D. WAS NOT THE SOLE CONCERN OF CARNEGIE'S FAMILY; HIS FATHER AND UNCLES WERE ZEALOUS IN THE CAUSE OF POLITICAL DEMOCRACY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE. WHEN ANDREW WAS TWELVE, THE FAMILY SET OUT FOR AMERICA, THE LAND OF PROMISE FOR BOTH MATERIAL AMBITION AND SOCIAL IDEALISM. GOVERNMENT ASSISTANCE IN DEFEATING STRIKES. BETWEEN 1875 AND 1910 STATE ABSOLUTE MONOPOLY. RATHER, HE WANTED STANDARD OIL TO BE LARGE ENOUGH TO TO PLOW BACK THEIR MONEY INTO PHILANTHROPY WITH THE SAME JUDGMENT, ZEAL, AND LEADERSHIP THEY HAD DEVOTED TO GETTING RICH. AND HE LIVED UP TO THAT PRECEPT, PAYING FOR THOUSANDS OF LIBRARY BUILDINGS, SETTING UP TRUSTS AND FOUNDATIONS, ENDOWING UNIVERSITIES, BUILDING CARNEGIE HALL IN NEW YORK AND THE PEACE PALACE AT THE HAGUE, AND MUCH MORE. HE ONCE WROTE THAT THE MAN WHO DIES RICH DIES DISGRACED. HE HAD SOME SINS TO ANSWER FOR, AND IT TOOK HIM A WHILE, BUT IN 1919 AT EIGHTY-THREE ANDREW CARNEGIE DIED IN A STATE OF GRACE BY HIS OWN AGNOSTIC DEFINITION. 1839-1937, INDUSTRIALIST AND PHILANTHROPIST. ROCKEFELLER WAS THEPRIMARY ACTIVITY QUICKENED AFTER 1900. WITH THE ENUNCIATION OF LABOR''S BILL OF
Some common words found in the essay are:
STANDARD OIL, standard oil, LABOR REFORM, DEFINITION Bibliography, FELL DRASTICALLY, UNION MOVEMENT, trade union, labor reform, TRADE UNION, OIL INDUSTRY, UNPRECEDENTED GENEROSITY, trade unionism, DEFEATING STRIKES, WALL STREET, trade union movement, national unions, union movement, labor movement, morgan co, world war, knights labor, term robber barons, standard oil company, american federation labor, federation labor afl,
Approximate Word count = 3142
Approximate Pages = 13 (250 words per page double spaced)
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