Men have, in general, been socialized to hide their innermost thoughts and feelings. As young boys they are socialized to believe that if they are open about their feelings they would be considered weak and/or not manly by their peers. 'Being strong' and 'being a man' meant creating a tough exterior, and not allowing anyone to penetrate that hard shell. Men who batter women have never learned how to cope successfully with angry feelings. Life is full of events that cause us immense stress and frustration, but the abusive male does not have the communication skills necessary for resolving the conflict passively.

What is violence against women? For some people, the answer to this question is simple - an intentional physical act such as a k

It is important to keep in mind that a statistical relationship between the levels of a factor and the rate of multiple victimization does not prove a causal relationship and a relationship found from a cross-sectional study such as the VAWS may not hold longitudinally.

The Violence Against Women Survey held in 1993 focused upon four central variables in order to reveal weaknesses that lie in previous studies. This allows for a focused analysis of the impact that stress related factors associated with class and patriarchal ideologies have on wife abuse. The VAWS looked at income, education, current occupational status, and employment history. This survey asked respondents five questions with reference to the patriarchal family. Women were asked whether or not their husbands: 1. were jealous and did not want them to talk to other men; 2. tried to limit their contact with family and friends; 3. insisted on knowing who they were with and where they were at all times; 4. called them names to degrade them or make them feel bad; and 5. prevented them from knowing about or having access to family income, even if they asked. The VAWS focused upon two measures of child socialization. First it looked at whether the respondent's father was abusive towards her mother and then whether or not the husband's father ever used violence against his wife. It was important for Statistics Canada to ensure that the definitions of assault and sexual assault were found in the Criminal Code so that the results would be recognized as in need of the criminal justice system's intervention. A Conflict Tactic Scale (CTS) was implemented in the VAWS since it continues to be the most widely used instrument for research on intra-family violence. The VAWS recognized shortcomings attached to a CTS and were cautious in working around these. The VAWS avoids the problem of situating abuse only in the context of settling disputes in conflict situations by asking respondents straight out whether or not they have experienced any violence in their home and by acknowledging the existence in many different types of families. The CTS has been known to be somewhat unethical since it avoids making clear to the respondents that the questions being asked are used to measure violence they experienced. The VAWS addressed this ethical dilemma by making the purpose of questions known to the respondents. This study offered improvements in previous studies by separating severe and minor abuse which allows for more specific results. We appreciate the way the VAWS acknowledged that even with all of these efforts to allow for realistic statistics, there always remains under-estimates in survey based measures of violence.

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Approximate Word count = 3723
Approximate Pages = 15 (250 words per page double spaced)