Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud was born in Monrovia on May 6,1856. He entered the University of Vienna in 1873 at the age of 17. He finished his degree in 1881. Freud died in England in 1939. He was an active therapist, theorist and writer to the very end. ( Ewen 19-20) Erich Fromm was born four years after Freud in 1900 in Frankfurt, Germany. Unlike Freud, Fromm had no medical training in his background. He received his PHD from the University of Heidelberg and later studied at Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute. Erich Fromm died March 16, 1980 in Switzerland. (Ewen 187) While Freud and Fromm were contemporaries and shared some basic beliefs, their approach to most issues varied greatly. Freud's attitude was purely scientific. Fromm desired to humanize things. Fromm accepted the importance of unconscious, biological drives, repression and defense mechanisms, but rejected Freud's theory of id, ego and superego. Fromm did not believe in specific developmental stages. "He believed that the growing child slowly learns to distinguish between "I and not I", through contact with the environment, notably those involving the parents."(Ewen 194) Fromm contends that personality development continues into adulthood. He believes that if a child keeps up with the
Works Cited Ewen, Robert B. An Introduction to Theories of Personality. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc., 1998. Hansen, Rossberg and Cramer. Counseling Theory and Process. Ma: Allyn and Bacon, 1994 Maccoby, Michael. "The Two Voices of Erich Fromm: The Prophetic and the Analytic." Society Magazine July/August 2000. Online. Internet: www.maccoby.com increasing feelings of isolation, that anxiety can be kept to a minimal and personality development proceeds normally. Freud's well-known theory is that the personality is determined during the first five years of life. He believes we proceed through a series of psychosexual stages: oral, anal, urethral, phallic, a latency period and genital. Freud contends that the genital stage is the goal of normal development and that it represents true maturity. ( Hansen 25-26) Fromm warns against pathogenic behavior because it can damage the child's sense of reliance. He believed healthy personality is illustrated by biophilia, love, creativity and reason. ( Ewen 195-196) These characteristics compromise the productive frame of orientation. The nonproductive frames include narcissism, necrophilia, dependence, compulsive strivings for power or wealth and the mechanisms of escape. Fromm had four other nonproductive orientations that he devoted a great deal of attention to. These were receptive, exploitative, hoarding and marketing. Three of these orientations can be loosely compared to Freud's oral-dependent, oral-sadistic and anal character without the sexual implications. Freud and Fromm both believed that dreams are the "royal road" to the unconscious. ( Ewen 198) Fromm agreed with Freud that dreams could serve the purpose of wish fulfillment, that the day's events set them off, and that a person may conceal truths in different ways. While both men believed in dream symbols, Freud believed most dreams involved childhood sexual impulses and Fromm regarded many symbols as asexual. Fromm believed that dreams could have obvious and undisguised meanings that did not have to involve childhood conflicts. To understand Fromm's approach to clinical diagnosis, his theory of character must first be understood. His theory of character development was that humans are distinguished from other animals by a larger neocortex with fewer instincts. Character shapes human instinct. Human survival is not merely a matter of physical survival, humans are social animals who must relate to others, and they are spiritual animals who must infuse their lives with meaning in order to function. Humans require a sense of hope to keep from turning off. They also require caring adults in the early years to be teachers that teach them to control their fears
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Approximate Pages = 7 (250 words per page double spaced)
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