The idea of rational thinking has been debated ever since the beginning of human existence. As humans we base what we think on what we know, during the 1600's if a person was black than they must have been inferior. This thinking seemed "rational" to the people of this period because they didn't know any better. The concept of rationality throughout time has always been a matter of perspective. If you are taught from birth that black people are inferior and grow-up with this idea in your head than you have no other basis for how you perceive someone with a skin color other than yourself.
If we think about it, before 1650 belief was all that was needed when there was an argument about religion. People listened to what the Pope had to say because he was thought to be an extenuation of God, and whatever he preached was obviously true. Today we look at that behavior and laugh, if even half
of the rationalism that was applied 350 years ago was applied today in some religions, no one would enter into them.
With society now having the ability to gain access to new information, people began to question the rationalism of the Roman Catholic Church. Not to mention at this same time the Pope and the Church now had to deal with the outrage from Martin Luther who was causing all sort of problems up at Wittenberg. He was focused on taking a majority of the Church's ideas and thinking about them in a rational way not mystical. To him the Church had an uncanny way of always being able to manipulate the meaning of the word to suit it's best interest. Luther decided that a lot of the Church's "ideas" were hogwash, so he decided to post a critique of ninety-five changes to the Roman Catholic Church's teachings. In the end he also paid the ultimate price, his life.
In the years approaching 1700 society began to look at the fact that
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