The current dispute at times echoes the tensions that existed in the sixteenth century between believers in the Copernican theory of the universe and the Ptolemaic established order, which preached that the earth was the center of the galaxy.

His theory was anathema to the church and a threat to the established way of thinking about the world and the people in it. Skeptical thinkers, such as Galileo and Kepler, produced treatises that helped build a case for an alternative way of viewing the solar system. It was a gradual shift in professional allegiances in educational evaluation. No promises can be made for the power of a new paradigm offers a new set of explanations of our educational system.

Descartes’ contemporary, the English philosopher Francis Bacon, took a somewhat stronger line concerning how conclusions should be reached. Bacon rejected deducing knowledge from self-evident principles and instead argu

Bellone, Enrico, A World on Paper Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press, 1980.

Although England and its allies curbed Louis XIV’s expansion of French rule and maintained the balance of power, France remained both the strongest political power and the dominant cultural influence in Europe. People throughout Europe spoke and wrote French. They all read the Encyclopedia, a handbook or reference book on the Enlightenment, which became the most famous publication of the period.

One of Newton’s early notebooks, Add. MS 3975 in the Portsmouth collection suggests a pattern for his early interest in alchemy. Originally, the notebook appears to have been a continuation of the section entitled Questiones quaedam Philosophiae in an earlier notebook (Add. MS 3996), a section which records Newton’s introduction to the mechanical philosophy of nature while he was still an undergraduate.

Fetterman, David M. Qualitative Approaches to Evaluation in Education New York: 1988.

Bacon thus relied on proofs that could be demonstrated physically, not through deductive logic. He believed that the pursuit of scientific knowledge would enrich human life immeasurably.

1. The discovery of the mountainous surface of the moon and the first lunar maps;

Since Newton corrected a couple of the poems in the collection against Ashmole, where these specific ones were published, numbered quite a few of the recipes, and copied some of the tracts, we can be sure that he studied the collection with care.

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