Looking at the beginnings of civilization, one can identify a common theme between almost all prior cities and nations. This theme was and still is that these civilizations were structured and divided according to different powers, no matter it being social, economic, or political power. An example of this can be seen when examining the Feudal system of the Medieval period, when power was held by kings and lords, while peasants had barely if any say in rule. Many have had their say in what they believe to be the "utopian system," by which nations and states should be run. Their perfect system for economics and society have been based on a wide array of ideas, ranging from Social Darwinism to needs of all human beings. Two individuals who held widely differing political views on their ideas of the "perfect government" were Adam Smith and Karl Marx.

Adam Smith has been regarded to be the father of modern economics, and many of his ideas have been integrated in a majority of the nations in the present day world. His major work was "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations," where he discusses many of his economic views. Smith discovered surp

Marx also held the belief that large cities were bad in nature, because they allowed the bourgeoisie to maintain control and increase capital over the proletarians. The bourgeoisie also constantly expanded their markets over the globe; this allowed them to also exploit people all around the globe, by making them dependent on the bourgeoisie. Smith on the other hand believed this allowed a greater commodity to be sold and bought, and increased the profit margin and therefore benefitted everyone involved. Competition on the part of the bourgeoisie, according to Marx, led to the degradation of honored occupations and also of the family.

"The Wealth of Nations" was written in 1776. In this period of history there was much political unrest in England, one such reason was because of the American revolution. The primary cause behind the revolution was taxing and tariffs on the part of England. This could be a motive behind Smith's idea that limited if any government control in the economy would cause economic harmony, opposed to England's strict control.

"The Communist Manifesto" considers history to be a series of conflicts between the classes, the oppressor and the oppressed. The oppressors, according to Marx and Engel, were the bourgeoisie who were modern capitalists, and the owners of the means of social production and employers of wage-labors. While the oppressed were the proletarians who the modern wage-laborers, who had no means of production on their own, and were reduced to selling their labor power in order to live.

"The Wealth of Nations" by Adam Smith and "The Communist Manifesto" by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engel, both had contradictory ideas on how and how not to setup a government and economic system. They both serve as the basis of two different economic and political systems. When looking at the present day world, one can see that the ideas behind "The Wealth of Nations" serve a greater role in most governments today. <

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Approximate Word count = 1325
Approximate Pages = 5 (250 words per page double spaced)