In Attacking Faulty Reasoning, T. Edward Damer defines an argument as a group of statements, one or more of which (the premises) support or provide evidence for another (the conclusion). The premises of an argument are those statements that together constitute the grounds for affirming the conclusion. To more clearly understand the argument given in the news release from the Normaltown paper, it should be placed in an easier to read form, consisting of just the premises and conclusions. The Normaltown paper states this argument:
Since the percentage of graduating seniors that passed the standardized basic-skills exam has increased from 85% in 98-99 to 92% in 99-00,
And, the new computer programs to drill students in basic skills were purchased for the 99-00
The conclusion that the funding for computerized instructional materials should be increased is invalid because it stems from the earlier conclusion, which is flawed. The reason given as to why funding should be increased is because the students' test scores will be increased. However, the argument that the computer programs were responsible for the increased percentage of students passing is imperfect. This conclusion would be valid if there was more evidence to support it, or if the statement it stems from was not flawed.
The post hoc fallacy consists in assuming that a particular event is caused by another event, simply because it proceeds it in time. Johnson's only evidence as to why the 7% increase was caused by the computer programs is because the increase took place the year af
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