POSITIVE LAW : The kind of law that is enforced, by institutions such as the police & judiciary. On this count, a citizen can enforce his/her claim rights through the civil or, in some circumstances, the criminal courts. Whether or not these rights are adequate or easy to enforce is, of course, debatable, the key point is that they are the rights of a specific group of people.

NATURAL LAW : To establish human rights, a different kind of law is necessary , some version of natural law. The most developed version of natural law was established in the Middle Ages by Catholic Schoolmen, philosophers and jurists. One of their most distinguished modern successors has described the idea of natural law as being based on the existence of: (1)...A set of basic practical pri

The great merit of naturalist approaches is that they provide a basis for a claim to possess rights, which is not so unhelpfully restrictive. If one has rights solely by virtue of one's humanity, the tact one happens to be the citizen of a tyrannical regime, while still deeply regrettable, no longer leaves one without intellectual resources, because the heart of a natural law perspective is precisely the assertion of universal rights against local custom. Potentially, natural law provides the basis for a powerful critique of existing social institutions in a way that positive law does not and cannot. Rights established by positive law are critical in the sense that they may allow one to argue that a particular social institution is not working in the way that it ought to, but they are less useful when, as is too often the case, a social institution is working exactly

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