Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born in 1849 to a poor priest in Ryazan which is about 150 miles east of Moscow, Russia. He started high school at age eleven and then went to a local seminary. Pavlov is regarded as one of the founding fathers of modern experimental psychology. In 1870, Pavlov went to St. Petersburg University to study science. In his third year at the university he decided that his career would be physiology. He finished college in 1875 and went on to study at Medico-Surgical Academy. Pavlov took charge of the newly opened laboratory for animal experiments at the academy. Pavlov died in 1936.

Pavlov first did experiments that involved blood pressure and innervation of the heart. Pavlov wanted to investigate the way in which blood vessels adapt to different volumes of blood. He trained dogs to lie still and then

Pavlov proved this third one with his experiments on the dogs. Pavlov attached the measuring device to the dog to measure the saliva. Then he isolated the dog and sounded a tone before he gave the food to the dog. After repeating this many times, the dog started to salivate to the tone. This was a conditioned reflex and Pavlov discovered it. There was four key elements in this experiment that Pavlov discovered. The unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is the stimulus which is not learned. The UCS in Pavlov's experiment was the food in the mouth. The unconditioned response (UCR) is the response to the UCS. In Pavlov's experiment the UCR was the dog's salivation. The conditioned stimulus (CS) is a stimulus which at the start of the experiment does not cause salivation, but if the experiment is successful it comes to do so if it is associated with the UCS. The CS was the tone. The conditioned response (CR) is the learned response to the CS. The CR was the salivation in the do!

Gray, Jeffrey Alan, Ivan Pavlov. New York: The Viking Press, 1980.

Corsmi, Raymond J., ed. Encyclopedia of Psychology, Volume 1, pages 213-217. John

he would connect an artery to a pressure gauge. Then he could measure blood pressure and find out that blood volume remains the same even during eating or fasting. These findings led Pavlov to more important work on the digestive system. The blood pressure experiment took only a simple operation. More complicated surgery was needed for experiments on the digestive system. This problem led to the book The Work of the Digestive Glands. Pavlov's findings in this book established the science of gastroenterology. Pavlov's main focus in digestion was the secretion of the different digestive juices in response to food. His work on the digestive system won him the Nobel Prize in 1904. As Gray notes "It has been said that, in science, method is all. New fact!

Pavlov's experiments also identified five major conditioning processes. The first is acquisition. Pavlov discovered that the CR gradually strengthens as the pairing of CS and UCS is repeated. The second is extinction. Pavlov discovered when the UCS does not follow a CS, the CR starts to fade away. The third conditioning process that Pavlov discovered was spontaneous recovery. Through his experiments he found that after a break from the conditioning, a CR could reappear. The fourth one is generalization. Pavlov discovered that similar stimuli of the original CS could bring out the same CR. The last conditioning process is discrimination. Pavlov discovered as Myers states "the ability to

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