Reconstruction
When white Southerners spoke bitterly in later years of the effects of Reconstruction, they referred most frequently to the governments Congress helped impose on them-governments they claimed were both incompetent and corrupt, that saddled the region with enormous debts, and that trampled on the rights of citizens. When black Southerners and their defenders condemned Reconstruction, in contrast, they spoke of the failure of the national and state governments to go far enough to guarantee freedmen even the most elemental rights of citizenship-a failure that resulted in a harsh new system of economic subordination. In the ten states of the South that were reorganized under the congressional plan, approximately one-fourth of the white males were at first excluded from voting or holding office. That produced black majorities among voters in South Carolina, Mississippi, and Louisiana (
For African Americans and poor whites alike, the ravages of the crop lien system often overshadowed whatever gains there might have been as a result of land and income redistribution. African Americans and whites, landowners and tenants-all depended on the local country stores that head implanted the institution for such necessities as food, clothing, seed, and farm implements. The crop lien system, in other words, was not only helping to impoverish small farmers; it was also contributing to a general decline in the Southern agriculture economy (Woodworth & Calhoun, The Human Tradition in the Civil War and Reconstruction). ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Between 1866 and 1877 Republican governments in the South achieved several political, economic, and social reforms. Though some were successes, others were quite detrimental to the sout
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Approximate Word count = 597
Approximate Pages = 2 (250 words per page double spaced)
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