After a serious automobile accidents Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder could take place in any person regardless of their age. PTSD may begin immediately following the event or may not surface until weeks or months later. Treatment

and the passage of time may diminish its duration and its severity. For a few, the symptoms disappear entirely. Some other symptoms that are associated with serious automobile accidents are re-experiencing the traumatic event, persistently avoiding stimuli associated with the accident and night terrors. Crash survivors develop driving phobias that could prevent them from riding in cars.

PROBABLE DIFFERENCES PSYCOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL/CULTURAL

Since a child can not form a cause and effect relationship between their behavior and the consequence until age five it is likely that the ten-year-old would understand why the accident took place. The four-year-old child would not be able to understand the need for the operations or the rest and recovery period afterwards. While the ten year old would most likely not complain about the recovery period because he or she would understand what would be taking place.

PreOperational Thought (2 to 6/7 years) At this

When recovering from any trauma there is no replacement for unconditional love and attention. This support given by the child's parents is the greatest healing device of all.

Treatment appears to help all of the patients overcome all or most of their PTSD symptoms. The treatment includes relaxation training, and imaginal exposure. If the child can come to terms with the accident then the night terrors might not be an issue. Parents and hospital staff most openly speak of the accident and discuss the connection between the accident and the injuries. This will help the four-year-old begin to understand the cause effect relationship.

The best overall healing takes place with the family showing an abundance of love and support. This should be dealt with by having a support group in place. If the parents need to work then the group should schedule visit times in order to close off the amount of alone time that the child has. Play activities should be a constant and are a great way for the child to recover confidence and motor skills while dealing with the trauma.

AVOIDING OR MINIMIZEING THE RECOVERY PROCESS

age, according to Piaget, children acquire representational skills in the areas mental imagery, and especially language. They are very self-oriented, and have an egocentric view; that is, PreOperational children can use these representational skills only to view the world from their own perspective.

Medications are effective treatments, sometimes used alone and often in combination with behavior therapy or other psychotherapy techniques. In addition to behavior modification techniques and medication, talking issues out in psychotherapy can be crucial. There is good reason for optimism about treatment of even the most severe anxiety disorders. Patients who can cooperate with the therapist and conscientious

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