Kinsey et al (1948) found in a survey that 4 per cent of males were homosexual and 37% of males had any least one homosexual experience that lead to an orgasm. They believe that sexual orientation was a continuum that ranged from exclusively homosexual to exclusively heterosexual.

However, Cass (1990) argues that it places more focus on behaviour as opposed to sexual identity. It can be argued that this is a misleading indicator of sexual orientation because the person may only engage in heterosexual behaviour but identify him or herself as being homosexual. Money (1988) believes that sexual orientation is determined early in life.

But the studies such as Sander's et al (1990) showed that sexual orientation may switch from homosexual to heterosexual and back again.

Psychoanalytic approach view homosexuality arising from distur

Carlson, N. R. (1998). Physiology of behaviour.

But Evans (1969) with the sample of non-patients supported Bieber et al's finding showing the mother as close and the father as detached. However Bene (1965) found that the chance homosexual males having an over protecting or strongly attached mother were the same as heterosexuals. Siegelman (1974) supports this further where he found that homosexual and heterosexual males with low neuroticism showed no differences in parental background. It has been argued that such studies that show differences are due to differences in neuroticism as opposed to homosexuality.

According to Money (1988) sexual orientation may be influenced by boys being exposed to low levels of androgens in the womb. Due to this they show little aggression (through rough and tumble play) leaving them stigmatised which influences their sexual orientation to homosexuality. However such an explanation doesn't tell us why their lack of interest in rough and tumble play will have an effect on the preference for exclusively male sexual partners.

Green (1987) found similar results where 68% of the feminine boys in adulthood identified as being homosexual or bisexual (43% exclusively homosexual) none of the control groups became homosexual in adulthood.

Hamer, D., Hu, S., Magnuson, V., Hu, N., & Pattatucci, A. (1993). A linkage between DNA markers on the X chromosome and male sexual orientation. Science, 261, 321-327.

Hence with differences in causes of death and the method of labelling their sexual orientation leaves us doubtful to the validity of the results. However, it does bring insight into the fact that there is a difference in the hypothalamus that might determine sexual orientation.

To conclude it can be argued that such findings place less blame on the homosexual as having a choice to their sexuality by not viewing it as an alternative lifestyle but rather 'born that way' or possibly 'socialised that way'. But the question raised assumes that such a sexual orientation as deviant and research approaches (particularly biological) by finding brain differences seem to assume it as an abnormality (disease) as opposed to a sexual orientation. We can argue that this above view is prejudice placing blame on the family. However, findings from studies are far from conclusive, where no firm experimental evidence has been gained. It can be argued that such conclus

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