biomechanics
The purpose of this paper is to provide an understanding of the influence that different sport surfaces have on injury. It will help one understand how specific sports surfaces effect athletes, while listing the advantages and disadvantages of such sports surfaces to the runner. Running surfaces cause many sport and exercise injuries because they are ever present and because of the frequency of contact between the shoe and the surface. Changes in surface characteristics can alter not only the ground reaction force but also the activation patterns of the major leg muscles. Sports surfaces tend to have both positive and negative effects on the performer. A change of surface may necessitate a modification of technique. The change of force acting on the performer alters the type of injury. Sport surfaces are often complex structures with several layers, all of which contribute to the overall behavior of the surface. Friction and traction are characteristics that are directly related to the behavior of surfaces for sport and exercise and have the greatest association with injury. The friction or traction force between a shoe or other object and a surface is the force component peripheral to the surf
compliance for a surface, both for performance and for reduction of injury, that is about two to three times that of the runner (McCay, 2000). Bloom (1997) reported that impact forces are implicated in damage to cartilage and bone, and are involved in shin splints (Bloom, 1997). Although non-compliant surfaces, which increase the impact loading, are mostly implicated in injury, excessively compliant surfaces can lead to fatigue, which may also predispose to injury. For running, the best surfaces are grass, dirt paths and wood chips because they provide the desirable surface properties of resilience, smoothness, flatness and reasonable compliance. Hard, non-compliant surfaces are by far the worst for lower extremity injury and lower back pain; such surfaces are asphalt roads, pavements (concrete) and wood. Artificial surfaces are also implicated in joint and tendon injuries owing to the stiffness of the surface. The repeated impact forces experienced when running on non-compliant surfaces may cause microfractures of subchondral bone trabeculae, leading to pain and a reduction in their shock-absorbing capacity on healing. This leads to an increased demand for shock absorbency from cartilage, leading eventually to cartilage damage and arthritis (Ferris,Liang,Farley, 1999). However, most people stride over this surface on a regular basis. It is not as hard as concrete, but it does increase the risk of injury due to its non-compliance. Because the surface is less compliant, there is an increase in loading; loading causes an increased incidence of tendon injuries and inflammation of the calf muscles. Biomechanical Assessment of Surfaces Ferris DP, Liang K, Farley CT. (1999). Runners adjust leg stiffness for their first step of friction or traction should exceed 1.1 and for changes of direction such as swerves and turns (Ferris,Liang,Farley,1999). For sports surfaces, the coefficient of friction or traction should be independent of temperature, weather and ageing. When frict
Some common words found in the essay are:
Sport Surfaces, FerrisLiangFarley1999 Compliance, Surfaces Sport, Surfaces Various, , Artificial Athlete, Farley CT, Athlete Stuttgart, Bloom Marc, friction traction, bloom 1997, sport surfaces, Bartlett Roger, running surfaces, sports surfaces, drop test, surfaces tend, impact forces, bartlett 1999, risk injury, marc 1997 judging, 1997 judging path, e+fn spon bloom, judging path cover, bloom marc 1997,
Approximate Word count = 1344
Approximate Pages = 5 (250 words per page double spaced)
|
