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1. arche-why things are the way they are, the beginnings

a. anaximander- arche is the indefinite, it has no definite nature, The "opposites" are, we have seen, at war with one another, and their strife is marked by "unjust" encroachments on either side. The warm commits "injustice" in summer, the cold in winter, and this would lead in the long run to the destruction of everything but the Boundless itself, if there were not an inexhaustible supply of it from which opposites might continually be separated out afresh. We must picture, then, an endless mass, which is not any one of the opposites we know, stretching out without limit on every side of the world we live in. This mass is a body, out of which our world once emerged, and into which it will one day be absorbed again. Anaximander envisaged a formless mass that was both the source and the destination of all material things. He called this unobservable substance apeiron, meaning infinite. Nevertheless, he conceded this much to water -- he thought life originated there.

b. anaximenes- And the form of the air is as follows. Where it is most even, it is invisible to our sight; but cold and heat, moisture and motion, make it visible. It is always in m

3. Pythagoreans important discovery about harmony- The view that the soul is a "harmony," or rather an attunement, is intimately connected with the theory of the four elements. It cannot have belonged to the earliest form of Pythagoreanism; for, as shown in Plato's Phaedo, it is quite inconsistent with the idea that the soul can exist independently of the body. It is the very opposite of the belief that "any soul can enter any body

a. Aristocracy- rule by the best, ruled by rational thought

otion; for, if it were not, it would not change so much as it does. -- Hipp. Ref. i. 7 (R. P. 28). It differs in different substances in virtue of its rarefaction and condensation. -- The air Anaximenes speaks of includes a good deal that we should not call by the name. In its normal condition, when most evenly distributed, it is invisible, and it then corresponds to our "air"; it is the breath we inhale and the wind that blows. That is why he called it pneuma. On the other hand, the old idea that mist or vapor is condensed air, is still accepted without question, who thought to save the unity of the primary substance by his theory of rarefaction and condensation

c. Oligarchy- rule by the money lovers, lets their appetitive side take over

ii. Identity Formulation- things are #'s (pyramid=4=fire, cube=6=earth, etc..)

15. The relation of the Four Virtues in the Kallipolis and in the human soul

Some common words found in the essay are:
Hipp Ref, Plato's Phaedo, Medieval Review, Love Strife, Pythagorean Air, Theory Mixture-all, Radical Flux-burning, II-Gygias Ring-, Love Empedocles, Tyranny Aristocracy-, love strife, human predicament, rarefaction condensation, separate elements, helen beautiful, fr 17, human soul, infinitely divisible, instance contained, water water,

Approximate Word count = 1881
Approximate Pages = 8 (250 words per page double spaced)

Category: History