anthropology

A detailed Summary of anthropology


One of the earliest examples of Homo Sapiens found in the course of human evolution was the Neandertal. Neandertals appeared roughly 250,000 years ago and existed until around 30,000 years ago, inhabiting primarily Europe and parts of the Middle East. Physiologically, Neandertals resembled present day Homo Sapiens in many ways, but also displayed a great deal of differences from more modern members of the species. Intellectually, socially and culturally, however, there remained significant distance between Neandertals and what could now be considered to be fully developed, modern Homo Sapiens.

As previously mentioned, Neandertals existed roughly within a time span of 250,000-30,000 years ago. This chronology places them in coexistence with Homo Erectus for about 50,000 years and, for the last 70,000 years of their existence, with fully modern Homo Sapiens. Neandertals, biologically speaking, share traits of both species to some extent. Their average cranial capacity of 1600 cubic centimeters, for example, is far more human sized than that of Homo Erectus, and oftentimes, exceeds even that of the modern Homo Sapien. Their skull shape, however, is still defined distinctly by their projected teeth and nose, and by a promi


advanced, specialized tools were surely necessary for survival. Neandertals also utilized fire as a means to thrive in the colder climates; a utilization, its worth mentioning, that far exceeds that of Erectus-whereas Erectus discovered fire, Neandertals seemingly found out how to use it in a controlled an more efficient way.

In the arenas of Neandertal culture and society, some is still disagreed upon, but broad and general statements can be made regarding Neandertals advancement in these areas. For instance, while there is no evidence of permanent mass settlements, large groups (30-40 individuals) would often form make shift bases or camps for limited periods of time to hunt and live while tool making and food resources in the area remained plentiful. A sign of cultural advancement over that of Erectus in that Neandertals were known to care for their invalids, sick, elderly and wounded. This, along with their practice of burying the dead (and, in some instances, placing flowers in the grave), suggests at least some degree of symbolic culture expressed within the species. To what degree (or if at all, for that matter) is still the point of debate. Whether or not Neandertals poss

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